This commit adds a new core header files `common/error.hpp` which
defines `ot::Error` (mirroring `otError`) and `kError{Name}` constants
(mirroring the public `OT_ERROR_{NAME}` definitions). The new (C++
style) definitions are used by core modules. This commit also moves
`otThreadErrorToString()` (from `logging.hpp` to `error.hpp`) and
renames it to `ErrorToString()` which is used as the internal (to
core) function to covert an `Error` to a string.