refactor: remove obsolete middleware and README, add new plugins for reasoning and tool selection

- Deleted README.md for AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder as it was outdated. - Removed toolChoiceMiddleware.ts as it is no longer needed. - Introduced new plugins: - noThinkPlugin: Appends '/no_think' to user messages to prevent unnecessary thinking. - openrouterGenerateImagePlugin: Configures OpenRouter for image and text modalities. - openrouterReasoningPlugin: Redacts reasoning blocks in OpenRouter responses. - qwenThinkingPlugin: Controls thinking mode for Qwen models based on provider support. - reasoningExtractionPlugin: Extracts reasoning tags from OpenAI/Azure responses. - simulateStreamingPlugin: Converts non-streaming responses to streaming format. - skipGeminiThoughtSignaturePlugin: Skips Gemini3 thought signatures for multi-model requests. - Updated parameterBuilder.ts to correct type definitions. - Added middlewareConfig.ts for better middleware configuration management. - Enhanced reasoning utility functions for better tag name retrieval. - Updated ApiService.ts and aiCoreTypes.ts for consistency with new changes.
2026-01-27 14:11:59 +08:00 · 2025-12-29 14:48:24 +08:00 · 2025-12-29 14:48:24 +08:00 · fca41ed966
commit fca41ed966
parent 9b1165e073
40 changed files with 1139 additions and 885 deletions
--- a/packages/aiCore/package.json
+++ b/packages/aiCore/package.json
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsdown",
    "dev": "tsc -w",
+    "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit",
    "clean": "rm -rf dist",
    "test": "vitest run",
    "test:watch": "vitest"
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/errors/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/errors/index.ts
@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/**
+ * AI Core Error System
+ * Unified error handling for the AI Core package
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Base error class for all AI Core errors
+ * Provides structured error information with error codes, context, and cause tracking
+ */
+export class AiCoreError extends Error {
+  constructor(
+    public readonly code: string,
+    message: string,
+    public readonly context?: Record<string, unknown>,
+    public readonly cause?: Error
+  ) {
+    super(message)
+    this.name = 'AiCoreError'
+
+    if (cause) {
+      this.stack = `${this.stack}\nCaused by: ${cause.stack}`
+    }
+  }
+
+  toJSON() {
+    return {
+      name: this.name,
+      code: this.code,
+      message: this.message,
+      context: this.context,
+      cause: this.cause
+        ? {
+            name: this.cause.name,
+            message: this.cause.message
+          }
+        : undefined
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recursive depth limit exceeded error
+ * Thrown when recursive calls exceed the maximum allowed depth
+ */
+export class RecursiveDepthError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(requestId: string, currentDepth: number, maxDepth: number) {
+    super('RECURSIVE_DEPTH_EXCEEDED', `Maximum recursive depth (${maxDepth}) exceeded at depth ${currentDepth}`, {
+      requestId,
+      currentDepth,
+      maxDepth
+    })
+    this.name = 'RecursiveDepthError'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Model resolution failure error
+ * Thrown when a model ID cannot be resolved to a model instance
+ */
+export class ModelResolutionError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(modelId: string, providerId: string, cause?: Error) {
+    super('MODEL_RESOLUTION_FAILED', `Failed to resolve model: ${modelId}`, { modelId, providerId }, cause)
+    this.name = 'ModelResolutionError'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parameter validation error
+ * Thrown when request parameters fail validation
+ */
+export class ParameterValidationError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(paramName: string, reason: string, value?: unknown) {
+    super('PARAMETER_VALIDATION_FAILED', `Invalid parameter '${paramName}': ${reason}`, {
+      paramName,
+      reason,
+      value
+    })
+    this.name = 'ParameterValidationError'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Plugin execution error
+ * Thrown when a plugin fails during execution
+ */
+export class PluginExecutionError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(pluginName: string, hookName: string, cause: Error) {
+    super(
+      'PLUGIN_EXECUTION_FAILED',
+      `Plugin '${pluginName}' failed in hook '${hookName}'`,
+      {
+        pluginName,
+        hookName
+      },
+      cause
+    )
+    this.name = 'PluginExecutionError'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provider configuration error
+ * Thrown when provider settings are invalid or missing
+ */
+export class ProviderConfigError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(providerId: string, reason: string) {
+    super('PROVIDER_CONFIG_ERROR', `Provider '${providerId}' configuration error: ${reason}`, {
+      providerId,
+      reason
+    })
+    this.name = 'ProviderConfigError'
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Template loading error
+ * Thrown when a template cannot be loaded
+ */
+export class TemplateLoadError extends AiCoreError {
+  constructor(templateName: string, cause?: Error) {
+    super('TEMPLATE_LOAD_FAILED', `Failed to load template: ${templateName}`, { templateName }, cause)
+    this.name = 'TemplateLoadError'
+  }
+}
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/index.ts
@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ export { globalModelResolver, ModelResolver } from './ModelResolver'

 // 保留的类型定义（可能被其他地方使用）
 export type { ModelConfig as ModelConfigType } from './types'
+
+// 模型工具函数
+export { hasModelId, isV2Model, isV3Model } from './utils'
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/types.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/types.ts
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
 * Creation 模块类型定义
 */
-import type { LanguageModelV3Middleware } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import type { JSONObject, LanguageModelV3Middleware } from '@ai-sdk/provider'

 import type { ProviderId, ProviderSettingsMap } from '../providers/types'

@ -10,6 +10,5 @@ export interface ModelConfig<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
  modelId: string
  providerSettings: ProviderSettingsMap[T] & { mode?: 'chat' | 'responses' }
  middlewares?: LanguageModelV3Middleware[]
-  // 额外模型参数
-  extraModelConfig?: Record<string, any>
+  extraModelConfig?: JSONObject
 }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/models/utils.ts
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import type { LanguageModelV2, LanguageModelV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+
+import type { AiSdkModel } from '../providers'
+
+export const isV2Model = (model: AiSdkModel): model is LanguageModelV2 => {
+  return typeof model === 'object' && model !== null && model.specificationVersion === 'v2'
+}
+
+export const isV3Model = (model: AiSdkModel): model is LanguageModelV3 => {
+  return typeof model === 'object' && model !== null && model.specificationVersion === 'v3'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a model has a modelId property
+ */
+export const hasModelId = (model: unknown): model is { modelId: string } => {
+  if (typeof model !== 'object' || model === null) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (!('modelId' in model)) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const obj = model as Record<string, unknown>
+  return typeof obj.modelId === 'string'
+}
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/options/examples.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/options/examples.ts
@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-import { streamText } from 'ai'
-
-import {
-  createAnthropicOptions,
-  createGenericProviderOptions,
-  createGoogleOptions,
-  createOpenAIOptions,
-  mergeProviderOptions
-} from './factory'
-
-// 示例1: 使用已知供应商的严格类型约束
-export function exampleOpenAIWithOptions() {
-  const openaiOptions = createOpenAIOptions({
-    reasoningEffort: 'medium'
-  })
-
-  // 这里会有类型检查，确保选项符合OpenAI的设置
-  return streamText({
-    model: {} as any, // 实际使用时替换为真实模型
-    prompt: 'Hello',
-    providerOptions: openaiOptions
-  })
-}
-
-// 示例2: 使用Anthropic供应商选项
-export function exampleAnthropicWithOptions() {
-  const anthropicOptions = createAnthropicOptions({
-    thinking: {
-      type: 'enabled',
-      budgetTokens: 1000
-    }
-  })
-
-  return streamText({
-    model: {} as any,
-    prompt: 'Hello',
-    providerOptions: anthropicOptions
-  })
-}
-
-// 示例3: 使用Google供应商选项
-export function exampleGoogleWithOptions() {
-  const googleOptions = createGoogleOptions({
-    thinkingConfig: {
-      includeThoughts: true,
-      thinkingBudget: 1000
-    }
-  })
-
-  return streamText({
-    model: {} as any,
-    prompt: 'Hello',
-    providerOptions: googleOptions
-  })
-}
-
-// 示例4: 使用未知供应商（通用类型）
-export function exampleUnknownProviderWithOptions() {
-  const customProviderOptions = createGenericProviderOptions('custom-provider', {
-    temperature: 0.7,
-    customSetting: 'value',
-    anotherOption: true
-  })
-
-  return streamText({
-    model: {} as any,
-    prompt: 'Hello',
-    providerOptions: customProviderOptions
-  })
-}
-
-// 示例5: 合并多个供应商选项
-export function exampleMergedOptions() {
-  const openaiOptions = createOpenAIOptions({})
-
-  const customOptions = createGenericProviderOptions('custom', {
-    customParam: 'value'
-  })
-
-  const mergedOptions = mergeProviderOptions(openaiOptions, customOptions)
-
-  return streamText({
-    model: {} as any,
-    prompt: 'Hello',
-    providerOptions: mergedOptions
-  })
-}
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/googleToolsPlugin/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/googleToolsPlugin/index.ts
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { google } from '@ai-sdk/google'

-import { definePlugin } from '../../'
-import type { AiRequestContext } from '../../types'
+import { type AiPlugin, definePlugin, type StreamTextParams, type StreamTextResult } from '../../'

 const toolNameMap = {
  googleSearch: 'google_search',
@ -12,27 +11,40 @@ const toolNameMap = {
 type ToolConfigKey = keyof typeof toolNameMap
 type ToolConfig = { googleSearch?: boolean; urlContext?: boolean; codeExecution?: boolean }

-export const googleToolsPlugin = (config?: ToolConfig) =>
-  definePlugin({
+export const googleToolsPlugin = (config?: ToolConfig): AiPlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult> =>
+  definePlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult>({
    name: 'googleToolsPlugin',
-    transformParams: <T>(params: T, context: AiRequestContext): T => {
+    transformParams: (params, context) => {
      const { providerId } = context
-      if (providerId === 'google' && config) {
-        if (typeof params === 'object' && params !== null) {
-          const typedParams = params as T & { tools?: Record<string, unknown> }

-          if (!typedParams.tools) {
-            typedParams.tools = {}
-          }
-          // 使用类型安全的方式遍历配置
-          ;(Object.keys(config) as ToolConfigKey[]).forEach((key) => {
-            if (config[key] && key in toolNameMap && key in google.tools) {
-              const toolName = toolNameMap[key]
-              typedParams.tools![toolName] = google.tools[key]({})
-            }
-          })
-        }
+      // 只在 Google provider 且有配置时才修改参数
+      if (providerId !== 'google' || !config) {
+        return {} // 返回空 Partial，表示不修改
      }
-      return params
+
+      if (typeof params !== 'object' || params === null) {
+        return {}
+      }
+
+      // 构建 tools 对象，确保类型兼容
+      const hasTools = (Object.keys(config) as ToolConfigKey[]).some(
+        (key) => config[key] && key in toolNameMap && key in google.tools
+      )
+
+      if (!hasTools) {
+        return {} // 返回空 Partial，表示不修改
+      }
+
+      // 构建符合 AI SDK 的 tools 对象
+      const tools: Record<string, ReturnType<(typeof google.tools)[keyof typeof google.tools]>> = {}
+
+      ;(Object.keys(config) as ToolConfigKey[]).forEach((key) => {
+        if (config[key] && key in toolNameMap && key in google.tools) {
+          const toolName = toolNameMap[key]
+          tools[toolName] = google.tools[key]({})
+        }
+      })
+
+      return { tools: tools }
    }
  })
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/toolUsePlugin/StreamEventManager.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/toolUsePlugin/StreamEventManager.ts
@ -4,11 +4,61 @@
 * 负责处理 AI SDK 流事件的发送和管理
 * 从 promptToolUsePlugin.ts 中提取出来以降低复杂度
 */
-import type { ModelMessage } from 'ai'
+import type { EmbeddingModelUsage, ImageModelUsage, LanguageModelUsage, ModelMessage } from 'ai'

-import type { AiRequestContext } from '../../types'
+import type { AiSdkUsage } from '../../../providers/types'
+import type { AiRequestContext, StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult } from '../../types'
 import type { StreamController } from './ToolExecutor'

+/**
+ * 类型守卫：检查对象是否是有效的流结果（包含 ReadableStream 类型的 fullStream）
+ */
+function hasFullStream(obj: unknown): obj is StreamTextResult & { fullStream: ReadableStream } {
+  return typeof obj === 'object' && obj !== null && 'fullStream' in obj && obj.fullStream instanceof ReadableStream
+}
+
+/**
+ * 类型守卫：检查 usage 是否是 LanguageModelUsage
+ * LanguageModelUsage 包含 totalTokens, inputTokens, outputTokens 等字段
+ */
+function isLanguageModelUsage(usage: unknown): usage is LanguageModelUsage {
+  return (
+    typeof usage === 'object' &&
+    usage !== null &&
+    ('totalTokens' in usage || 'inputTokens' in usage || 'outputTokens' in usage)
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * 类型守卫：检查 usage 是否是 ImageModelUsage
+ * ImageModelUsage 包含 inputTokens, outputTokens, totalTokens 字段
+ */
+function isImageModelUsage(usage: unknown): usage is ImageModelUsage {
+  return (
+    typeof usage === 'object' &&
+    usage !== null &&
+    'inputTokens' in usage &&
+    'outputTokens' in usage &&
+    // 确保不是 LanguageModelUsage（LanguageModelUsage 可能有 reasoningTokens 等额外字段）
+    !('reasoningTokens' in usage)
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * 类型守卫：检查 usage 是否是 EmbeddingModelUsage
+ * EmbeddingModelUsage 只包含 tokens 字段
+ */
+function isEmbeddingModelUsage(usage: unknown): usage is EmbeddingModelUsage {
+  return (
+    typeof usage === 'object' &&
+    usage !== null &&
+    'tokens' in usage &&
+    // 确保只有 tokens 字段（没有 inputTokens, outputTokens 等）
+    !('inputTokens' in usage) &&
+    !('outputTokens' in usage)
+  )
+}
+
 /**
 * 流事件管理器类
 */
@ -50,10 +100,10 @@ export class StreamEventManager {
  /**
   * 处理递归调用并将结果流接入当前流
   */
-  async handleRecursiveCall(
+  async handleRecursiveCall<TParams extends StreamTextParams>(
    controller: StreamController,
-    recursiveParams: any,
-    context: AiRequestContext
+    recursiveParams: Partial<TParams>,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, StreamTextResult>
  ): Promise<void> {
    // try {
    // 重置工具执行状态，准备处理新的步骤
@ -61,7 +111,7 @@ export class StreamEventManager {

    const recursiveResult = await context.recursiveCall(recursiveParams)

-    if (recursiveResult && recursiveResult.fullStream) {
+    if (hasFullStream(recursiveResult)) {
      await this.pipeRecursiveStream(controller, recursiveResult.fullStream)
    } else {
      console.warn('[MCP Prompt] No fullstream found in recursive result:', recursiveResult)
@ -97,36 +147,20 @@ export class StreamEventManager {
    }
  }

-  /**
-   * 处理递归调用错误
-   */
-  // private handleRecursiveCallError(controller: StreamController, error: unknown): void {
-  //   console.error('[MCP Prompt] Recursive call failed:', error)
-
-  //   // 使用 AI SDK 标准错误格式，但不中断流
-  //   controller.enqueue({
-  //     type: 'error',
-  //     error: {
-  //       message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
-  //       name: error instanceof Error ? error.name : 'RecursiveCallError'
-  //     }
-  //   })
-
-  //   // // 继续发送文本增量，保持流的连续性
-  //   // controller.enqueue({
-  //   //   type: 'text-delta',
-  //   //   id: stepId,
-  //   //   text: '\n\n[工具执行后递归调用失败，继续对话...]'
-  //   // })
-  // }
-
  /**
   * 构建递归调用的参数
   */
-  buildRecursiveParams(context: AiRequestContext, textBuffer: string, toolResultsText: string, tools: any): any {
+  buildRecursiveParams<TParams extends StreamTextParams>(
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, StreamTextResult>,
+    textBuffer: string,
+    toolResultsText: string,
+    tools: any
+  ): Partial<TParams> {
+    const params = context.originalParams
+
    // 构建新的对话消息
    const newMessages: ModelMessage[] = [
-      ...(context.originalParams.messages || []),
+      ...(params.messages || []),
      // 只有当 textBuffer 有内容时才添加 assistant 消息，避免空消息导致 API 错误
      ...(textBuffer ? [{ role: 'assistant' as const, content: textBuffer }] : []),
      {
@ -137,28 +171,47 @@ export class StreamEventManager {

    // 递归调用，继续对话，重新传递 tools
    const recursiveParams = {
-      ...context.originalParams,
+      ...params,
      messages: newMessages,
      tools: tools
-    }
-
-    // 更新上下文中的消息
-    context.originalParams.messages = newMessages
+    } as Partial<TParams>

    return recursiveParams
  }

  /**
   * 累加 usage 数据
+   *
+   * 使用类型守卫来处理不同类型的 usage（LanguageModelUsage, ImageModelUsage, EmbeddingModelUsage）
+   * - LanguageModelUsage: inputTokens, outputTokens, totalTokens
+   * - ImageModelUsage: inputTokens, outputTokens, totalTokens
+   * - EmbeddingModelUsage: tokens
   */
-  accumulateUsage(target: any, source: any): void {
+  accumulateUsage(target: Partial<AiSdkUsage>, source: Partial<AiSdkUsage>): void {
    if (!target || !source) return

-    // 累加各种 token 类型
-    target.inputTokens = (target.inputTokens || 0) + (source.inputTokens || 0)
-    target.outputTokens = (target.outputTokens || 0) + (source.outputTokens || 0)
-    target.totalTokens = (target.totalTokens || 0) + (source.totalTokens || 0)
-    target.reasoningTokens = (target.reasoningTokens || 0) + (source.reasoningTokens || 0)
-    target.cachedInputTokens = (target.cachedInputTokens || 0) + (source.cachedInputTokens || 0)
+    if (isLanguageModelUsage(target) && isLanguageModelUsage(source)) {
+      target.totalTokens = (target.totalTokens || 0) + (source.totalTokens || 0)
+      target.inputTokens = (target.inputTokens || 0) + (source.inputTokens || 0)
+      target.outputTokens = (target.outputTokens || 0) + (source.outputTokens || 0)
+      return
+    }
+    if (isImageModelUsage(target) && isImageModelUsage(source)) {
+      target.totalTokens = (target.totalTokens || 0) + (source.totalTokens || 0)
+      target.inputTokens = (target.inputTokens || 0) + (source.inputTokens || 0)
+      target.outputTokens = (target.outputTokens || 0) + (source.outputTokens || 0)
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (isEmbeddingModelUsage(target) && isEmbeddingModelUsage(source)) {
+      target.tokens = (target.tokens || 0) + (source.tokens || 0)
+      return
+    }
+
+    // ⚠️ 未知类型或类型不匹配，不进行累加
+    console.warn('[StreamEventManager] Unable to accumulate usage - type mismatch or unknown type', {
+      target,
+      source
+    })
  }
 }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/toolUsePlugin/promptToolUsePlugin.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/built-in/toolUsePlugin/promptToolUsePlugin.ts
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import type { TextStreamPart, ToolSet } from 'ai'

 import { definePlugin } from '../../index'
-import type { AiRequestContext } from '../../types'
+import type { AiPlugin, StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult } from '../../types'
 import { StreamEventManager } from './StreamEventManager'
 import { type TagConfig, TagExtractor } from './tagExtraction'
 import { ToolExecutor } from './ToolExecutor'
@ -254,23 +254,25 @@ function defaultParseToolUse(content: string, tools: ToolSet): { results: ToolUs
  return { results, content: contentToProcess }
 }

-export const createPromptToolUsePlugin = (config: PromptToolUseConfig = {}) => {
+export const createPromptToolUsePlugin = (
+  config: PromptToolUseConfig = {}
+): AiPlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult> => {
  const { enabled = true, buildSystemPrompt = defaultBuildSystemPrompt, parseToolUse = defaultParseToolUse } = config

-  return definePlugin({
+  return definePlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult>({
    name: 'built-in:prompt-tool-use',
-    transformParams: (params: any, context: AiRequestContext) => {
+    transformParams: (params, context) => {
      if (!enabled || !params.tools || typeof params.tools !== 'object') {
        return params
      }

-      // 分离 provider-defined 和其他类型的工具
+      // 分离 provider 和其他类型的工具
      const providerDefinedTools: ToolSet = {}
      const promptTools: ToolSet = {}

      for (const [toolName, tool] of Object.entries(params.tools as ToolSet)) {
-        if (tool.type === 'provider-defined') {
-          // provider-defined 类型的工具保留在 tools 参数中
+        if (tool.type === 'provider') {
+          // provider 类型的工具保留在 tools 参数中
          providerDefinedTools[toolName] = tool
        } else {
          // 其他工具转换为 prompt 模式
@ -278,12 +280,12 @@ export const createPromptToolUsePlugin = (config: PromptToolUseConfig = {}) => {
        }
      }

-      // 只有当有非 provider-defined 工具时才保存到 context
+      // 只有当有非 provider 工具时才保存到 context
      if (Object.keys(promptTools).length > 0) {
        context.mcpTools = promptTools
      }

-      // 构建系统提示符（只包含非 provider-defined 工具）
+      // 构建系统提示符（只包含非 provider 工具）
      const userSystemPrompt = typeof params.system === 'string' ? params.system : ''
      const systemPrompt = buildSystemPrompt(userSystemPrompt, promptTools)
      let systemMessage: string | null = systemPrompt
@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ export const createPromptToolUsePlugin = (config: PromptToolUseConfig = {}) => {
        systemMessage = config.createSystemMessage(systemPrompt, params, context)
      }

-      // 保留 provider-defined tools，移除其他 tools
+      // 保留 provide tools，移除其他 tools
      const transformedParams = {
        ...params,
        ...(systemMessage ? { system: systemMessage } : {}),
@ -301,7 +303,7 @@ export const createPromptToolUsePlugin = (config: PromptToolUseConfig = {}) => {
      context.originalParams = transformedParams
      return transformedParams
    },
-    transformStream: (_: any, context: AiRequestContext) => () => {
+    transformStream: (_, context) => () => {
      let textBuffer = ''
      // let stepId = ''

--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/index.ts
@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 // 核心类型和接口
-export type { AiPlugin, AiRequestContext, HookResult, PluginManagerConfig } from './types'
-import type { ImageModelV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-import type { LanguageModel } from 'ai'
+export type {
+  AiPlugin,
+  AiRequestContext,
+  AiRequestMetadata,
+  GenerateTextParams,
+  GenerateTextResult,
+  HookResult,
+  PluginManagerConfig,
+  RecursiveCallFn,
+  StreamTextParams,
+  StreamTextResult
+} from './types'
+import type { ImageModel, LanguageModel } from 'ai'

 import type { ProviderId } from '../providers'
 import type { AiPlugin, AiRequestContext } from './types'
@ -10,11 +20,11 @@ import type { AiPlugin, AiRequestContext } from './types'
 export { PluginManager } from './manager'

 // 工具函数
-export function createContext<T extends ProviderId>(
+export function createContext<T extends ProviderId, TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown>(
  providerId: T,
-  model: LanguageModel | ImageModelV3,
-  originalParams: any
-): AiRequestContext {
+  model: LanguageModel | ImageModel,
+  originalParams: TParams
+): AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult> {
  return {
    providerId,
    model,
@ -22,14 +32,28 @@ export function createContext<T extends ProviderId>(
    metadata: {},
    startTime: Date.now(),
    requestId: `${providerId}-${typeof model === 'string' ? model : model?.modelId}-${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2)}`,
-    // 占位
-    recursiveCall: () => Promise.resolve(null)
+    isRecursiveCall: false,
+    recursiveDepth: 0,  // 初始化递归深度为 0
+    maxRecursiveDepth: 10,  // 默认最大递归深度为 10
+    extensions: new Map(),
+    middlewares: [],
+    // 占位递归调用函数，实际使用时会被 PluginEngine 替换
+    recursiveCall: () => Promise.resolve(null as any)
  }
 }

 // 插件构建器 - 便于创建插件
+
+// 重载 1: 泛型插件（显式指定类型参数）
+export function definePlugin<TParams, TResult>(plugin: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>): AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>
+
+// 重载 2: 非泛型插件（默认 unknown）
 export function definePlugin(plugin: AiPlugin): AiPlugin
+
+// 重载 3: 插件工厂函数
 export function definePlugin<T extends (...args: any[]) => AiPlugin>(pluginFactory: T): T
+
+// 实现
 export function definePlugin(plugin: AiPlugin | ((...args: any[]) => AiPlugin)) {
  return plugin
 }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/manager.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/manager.ts
@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 import type { AiPlugin, AiRequestContext } from './types'

 /**
- * 插件管理器
+ * 插件管理器（泛型化）
+ * 支持类型安全的插件管理，同时通过逆变保持灵活性
 */
-export class PluginManager {
-  private plugins: AiPlugin[] = []
+export class PluginManager<TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown> {
+  private plugins: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] = []

-  constructor(plugins: AiPlugin[] = []) {
+  constructor(plugins: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] = []) {
    this.plugins = this.sortPlugins(plugins)
  }

  /**
-   * 添加插件
+   * 添加插件（支持逆变：AiPlugin<unknown> 可赋值给 AiPlugin<TParams>）
   */
-  use(plugin: AiPlugin): this {
+  use(plugin: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>): this {
    this.plugins = this.sortPlugins([...this.plugins, plugin])
    return this
  }
@ -29,10 +30,10 @@ export class PluginManager {
  /**
   * 插件排序：pre -> normal -> post
   */
-  private sortPlugins(plugins: AiPlugin[]): AiPlugin[] {
-    const pre: AiPlugin[] = []
-    const normal: AiPlugin[] = []
-    const post: AiPlugin[] = []
+  private sortPlugins(plugins: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[]): AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] {
+    const pre: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] = []
+    const normal: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] = []
+    const post: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] = []

    plugins.forEach((plugin) => {
      if (plugin.enforce === 'pre') {
@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ export class PluginManager {
  async executeFirst<T>(
    hookName: 'resolveModel' | 'loadTemplate',
    arg: any,
-    context: AiRequestContext
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
  ): Promise<T | null> {
    for (const plugin of this.plugins) {
      const hook = plugin[hookName]
@ -68,19 +69,42 @@ export class PluginManager {
  }

  /**
-   * 执行 Sequential 钩子 - 链式数据转换
+   * 执行 transformParams 钩子 - 链式参数转换
+   * 每个插件返回 Partial<TParams>，逐步合并到原始参数
   */
-  async executeSequential<T>(
-    hookName: 'transformParams' | 'transformResult',
-    initialValue: T,
-    context: AiRequestContext
-  ): Promise<T> {
+  async executeTransformParams(
+    initialValue: TParams,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
+  ): Promise<TParams> {
    let result = initialValue

    for (const plugin of this.plugins) {
-      const hook = plugin[hookName]
-      if (hook) {
-        result = await hook<T>(result, context)
+      if (plugin.transformParams) {
+        const partial = await plugin.transformParams(result, context)
+        // 合并 Partial 到现有参数
+        result = { ...result, ...partial }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 执行 transformResult 钩子 - 链式结果转换
+   * 每个插件接收并返回完整的 TResult
+   */
+  async executeTransformResult(
+    initialValue: TResult,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
+  ): Promise<TResult> {
+    let result = initialValue
+
+    for (const plugin of this.plugins) {
+      if (plugin.transformResult) {
+        // SAFETY: transformResult 的契约保证返回 TResult
+        // 由于插件接口定义，这个类型断言是安全的
+        const transformed = await plugin.transformResult(result, context)
+        result = transformed as TResult
      }
    }

@ -90,7 +114,7 @@ export class PluginManager {
  /**
   * 执行 ConfigureContext 钩子 - 串行配置上下文
   */
-  async executeConfigureContext(context: AiRequestContext): Promise<void> {
+  async executeConfigureContext(context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>): Promise<void> {
    for (const plugin of this.plugins) {
      const hook = plugin.configureContext
      if (hook) {
@ -104,8 +128,8 @@ export class PluginManager {
   */
  async executeParallel(
    hookName: 'onRequestStart' | 'onRequestEnd' | 'onError',
-    context: AiRequestContext,
-    result?: any,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>,
+    result?: TResult,
    error?: Error
  ): Promise<void> {
    const promises = this.plugins
@ -131,7 +155,7 @@ export class PluginManager {
  /**
   * 收集所有流转换器（返回数组，AI SDK 原生支持）
   */
-  collectStreamTransforms(params: any, context: AiRequestContext) {
+  collectStreamTransforms(params: TParams, context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>) {
    return this.plugins
      .filter((plugin) => plugin.transformStream)
      .map((plugin) => plugin.transformStream?.(params, context))
@ -140,7 +164,7 @@ export class PluginManager {
  /**
   * 获取所有插件信息
   */
-  getPlugins(): AiPlugin[] {
+  getPlugins(): AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[] {
    return [...this.plugins]
  }

--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/types.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/plugins/types.ts
@ -1,79 +1,126 @@
-import type { ImageModelV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-import type { LanguageModel, TextStreamPart, ToolSet } from 'ai'
+import type { JSONObject, JSONValue } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import type { generateText, LanguageModelMiddleware, streamText, TextStreamPart, ToolSet } from 'ai'

-import { type ProviderId } from '../providers/types'
+import type { AiSdkModel, ProviderId } from '../providers/types'
+
+/**
+ * 常用的 AI SDK 参数类型（完整版，用于插件泛型）
+ */
+export type StreamTextParams = Parameters<typeof streamText>[0]
+export type StreamTextResult = ReturnType<typeof streamText>
+export type GenerateTextParams = Parameters<typeof generateText>[0]
+export type GenerateTextResult = ReturnType<typeof generateText>
+
+/**
+ * AI 请求元数据
+ * 定义结构化的元数据字段，避免使用 Record<string, any>
+ */
+export interface AiRequestMetadata {
+  topicId?: string
+  callType?: string
+  enableReasoning?: boolean
+  enableWebSearch?: boolean
+  enableGenerateImage?: boolean
+  isPromptToolUse?: boolean
+  isSupportedToolUse?: boolean
+  isImageGenerationEndpoint?: boolean
+  // 自定义元数据，使用 JSONValue 确保类型安全
+  custom?: JSONObject
+}

 /**
 * 递归调用函数类型
- * 使用 any 是因为递归调用时参数和返回类型可能完全不同
+ * 泛型化以保持类型推导
 */
-export type RecursiveCallFn = (newParams: any) => Promise<any>
+export type RecursiveCallFn<TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown> = (newParams: Partial<TParams>) => Promise<TResult>

 /**
 * AI 请求上下文
+ * 使用泛型参数以支持不同类型的请求
 */
-export interface AiRequestContext {
+export interface AiRequestContext<TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown> {
  providerId: ProviderId
-  model: LanguageModel | ImageModelV3
-  originalParams: any
-  metadata: Record<string, any>
+  model: AiSdkModel
+  originalParams: TParams
+  metadata: AiRequestMetadata
  startTime: number
  requestId: string
-  recursiveCall: RecursiveCallFn
-  isRecursiveCall?: boolean
+  recursiveCall: RecursiveCallFn<TParams, TResult>
+  isRecursiveCall: boolean
+
+  // 递归深度控制（防止栈溢出）
+  recursiveDepth: number // 当前递归深度
+  maxRecursiveDepth: number // 最大递归深度限制，默认 10
+
  mcpTools?: ToolSet
+
+  extensions: Map<string, JSONValue>
+
+  middlewares?: LanguageModelMiddleware[]
+
+  // 向后兼容：允许插件动态添加属性（临时保留）
  [key: string]: any
 }

 /**
 * 钩子分类
+ * 使用泛型参数以支持不同类型的请求和响应
 */
-export interface AiPlugin {
+export interface AiPlugin<TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown> {
  name: string
  enforce?: 'pre' | 'post'

  // 【First】首个钩子 - 只执行第一个返回值的插件
  resolveModel?: (
    modelId: string,
-    context: AiRequestContext
-  ) => Promise<LanguageModel | ImageModelV3 | null> | LanguageModel | ImageModelV3 | null
-  loadTemplate?: (templateName: string, context: AiRequestContext) => any | null | Promise<any | null>
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
+  ) => Promise<AiSdkModel | null> | AiSdkModel | null
+
+  loadTemplate?: (
+    templateName: string,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
+  ) => JSONValue | null | Promise<JSONValue | null>

  // 【Sequential】串行钩子 - 链式执行，支持数据转换
-  configureContext?: (context: AiRequestContext) => void | Promise<void>
-  transformParams?: <T>(params: T, context: AiRequestContext) => T | Promise<T>
-  transformResult?: <T>(result: T, context: AiRequestContext) => T | Promise<T>
+  configureContext?: (context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>) => void | Promise<void>
+
+  transformParams?: (
+    params: TParams,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
+  ) => Partial<TParams> | Promise<Partial<TParams>>
+
+  transformResult?: (result: TResult, context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>) => TResult | Promise<TResult>

  // 【Parallel】并行钩子 - 不依赖顺序，用于副作用
-  onRequestStart?: (context: AiRequestContext) => void | Promise<void>
-  onRequestEnd?: (context: AiRequestContext, result: any) => void | Promise<void>
-  onError?: (error: Error, context: AiRequestContext) => void | Promise<void>
+  onRequestStart?: (context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>) => void | Promise<void>
+
+  onRequestEnd?: (context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>, result: TResult) => void | Promise<void>
+
+  onError?: (error: Error, context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>) => void | Promise<void>

  // 【Stream】流处理 - 直接使用 AI SDK
  transformStream?: (
-    params: any,
-    context: AiRequestContext
+    params: TParams,
+    context: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
  ) => <TOOLS extends ToolSet>(options?: {
    tools: TOOLS
    stopStream: () => void
  }) => TransformStream<TextStreamPart<TOOLS>, TextStreamPart<TOOLS>>
-
-  // AI SDK 原生中间件
-  // aiSdkMiddlewares?: LanguageModelV1Middleware[]
 }

 /**
 * 插件管理器配置
 */
-export interface PluginManagerConfig {
-  plugins: AiPlugin[]
-  context: Partial<AiRequestContext>
+export interface PluginManagerConfig<TParams = unknown, TResult = unknown> {
+  plugins: AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[]
+  context: Partial<AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>>
 }

 /**
 * 钩子执行结果
+ * 泛型参数指定返回值类型
 */
-export interface HookResult<T = any> {
+export interface HookResult<T = unknown> {
  value: T
  stop?: boolean
 }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/HubProvider.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/HubProvider.ts
@ -5,11 +5,19 @@
 * 例如: aihubmix:anthropic:claude-3.5-sonnet
 */

-import type { ProviderV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-import { customProvider } from 'ai'
+import type {
+  EmbeddingModelV3,
+  ImageModelV3,
+  LanguageModelV3,
+  ProviderV3,
+  RerankingModelV3,
+  SpeechModelV3,
+  TranscriptionModelV3
+} from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import { customProvider, wrapProvider } from 'ai'

-import { globalRegistryManagement } from './RegistryManagement'
-import type { AiSdkMethodName, AiSdkModelReturn, AiSdkModelType } from './types'
+import { DEFAULT_SEPARATOR, globalRegistryManagement } from './RegistryManagement'
+import type { AiSdkProvider } from './types'

 export interface HubProviderConfig {
  /** Hub的唯一标识符 */
@ -34,7 +42,7 @@ export class HubProviderError extends Error {
 * 解析Hub模型ID
 */
 function parseHubModelId(modelId: string): { provider: string; actualModelId: string } {
-  const parts = modelId.split(':')
+  const parts = modelId.split(DEFAULT_SEPARATOR)
  if (parts.length !== 2) {
    throw new HubProviderError(`Invalid hub model ID format. Expected "provider:modelId", got: ${modelId}`, 'unknown')
  }
@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ function parseHubModelId(modelId: string): { provider: string; actualModelId: st
 /**
 * 创建Hub Provider
 */
-export function createHubProvider(config: HubProviderConfig): ProviderV3 {
+export function createHubProvider(config: HubProviderConfig): AiSdkProvider {
  const { hubId } = config

  function getTargetProvider(providerId: string): ProviderV3 {
@ -61,7 +69,9 @@ export function createHubProvider(config: HubProviderConfig): ProviderV3 {
          providerId
        )
      }
-      return provider
+      // 使用 wrapProvider 确保返回的是 V3 provider
+      // 这样可以自动处理 V2 provider 到 V3 的转换
+      return wrapProvider({ provider, languageModelMiddleware: [] })
    } catch (error) {
      throw new HubProviderError(
        `Failed to get provider "${providerId}": ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`,
@ -72,30 +82,62 @@ export function createHubProvider(config: HubProviderConfig): ProviderV3 {
    }
  }

-  function resolveModel<T extends AiSdkModelType>(
-    modelId: string,
-    modelType: T,
-    methodName: AiSdkMethodName<T>
-  ): AiSdkModelReturn<T> {
-    const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
-    const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+  // 创建符合 ProviderV3 规范的 fallback provider
+  const hubFallbackProvider = {
+    specificationVersion: 'v3' as const,

-    const fn = targetProvider[methodName] as (id: string) => AiSdkModelReturn<T>
+    languageModel: (modelId: string): LanguageModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+      return targetProvider.languageModel(actualModelId)
+    },

-    if (!fn) {
-      throw new HubProviderError(`Provider "${provider}" does not support ${modelType}`, hubId, provider)
+    embeddingModel: (modelId: string): EmbeddingModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+      return targetProvider.embeddingModel(actualModelId)
+    },
+
+    imageModel: (modelId: string): ImageModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+      return targetProvider.imageModel(actualModelId)
+    },
+
+    transcriptionModel: (modelId: string): TranscriptionModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+
+      if (!targetProvider.transcriptionModel) {
+        throw new HubProviderError(`Provider "${provider}" does not support transcription models`, hubId, provider)
+      }
+
+      return targetProvider.transcriptionModel(actualModelId)
+    },
+
+    speechModel: (modelId: string): SpeechModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+
+      if (!targetProvider.speechModel) {
+        throw new HubProviderError(`Provider "${provider}" does not support speech models`, hubId, provider)
+      }
+
+      return targetProvider.speechModel(actualModelId)
+    },
+    rerankingModel: (modelId: string): RerankingModelV3 => {
+      const { provider, actualModelId } = parseHubModelId(modelId)
+      const targetProvider = getTargetProvider(provider)
+
+      if (!targetProvider.rerankingModel) {
+        throw new HubProviderError(`Provider "${provider}" does not support reranking models`, hubId, provider)
+      }
+
+      return targetProvider.rerankingModel(actualModelId)
    }
-
-    return fn(actualModelId)
  }

  return customProvider({
-    fallbackProvider: {
-      languageModel: (modelId: string) => resolveModel(modelId, 'text', 'languageModel'),
-      textEmbeddingModel: (modelId: string) => resolveModel(modelId, 'embedding', 'textEmbeddingModel'),
-      imageModel: (modelId: string) => resolveModel(modelId, 'image', 'imageModel'),
-      transcriptionModel: (modelId: string) => resolveModel(modelId, 'transcription', 'transcriptionModel'),
-      speechModel: (modelId: string) => resolveModel(modelId, 'speech', 'speechModel')
-    }
+    fallbackProvider: hubFallbackProvider
  })
 }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/RegistryManagement.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/RegistryManagement.ts
@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ type PROVIDERS = Record<string, ProviderV3>

 export const DEFAULT_SEPARATOR = '|'

-// export type MODEL_ID = `${string}${typeof DEFAULT_SEPARATOR}${string}`
-
 export class RegistryManagement<SEPARATOR extends string = typeof DEFAULT_SEPARATOR> {
  private providers: PROVIDERS = {}
  private aliases: Set<string> = new Set() // 记录哪些key是别名
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/index.ts
@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ export type {
 } from './schemas' // 从 schemas 导出的类型
 export { baseProviderIdSchema, customProviderIdSchema, providerConfigSchema, providerIdSchema } from './schemas' // Schema 导出
 export type {
+  AiSdkModel,
  DynamicProviderRegistry,
  ExtensibleProviderSettingsMap,
  ProviderError,
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/schemas.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/schemas.ts
@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import { createOpenAICompatible } from '@ai-sdk/openai-compatible'
 import type { ProviderV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
 import { createXai } from '@ai-sdk/xai'
 import { type CherryInProviderSettings, createCherryIn } from '@cherrystudio/ai-sdk-provider'
-import { createOpenRouter } from '@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider'
-import { customProvider } from 'ai'
+import { createOpenRouter, type OpenRouterProviderSettings } from '@openrouter/ai-sdk-provider'
+import { customProvider, wrapProvider } from 'ai'
 import * as z from 'zod'

 /**
@ -133,7 +133,10 @@ export const baseProviders = [
  {
    id: 'openrouter',
    name: 'OpenRouter',
-    creator: createOpenRouter,
+    creator: (options?: OpenRouterProviderSettings) => {
+      const provider = createOpenRouter(options)
+      return wrapProvider({ provider, languageModelMiddleware: [] })
+    },
    supportsImageGeneration: true
  },
  {
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/types.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/providers/types.ts
@ -4,15 +4,18 @@ import { type DeepSeekProviderSettings } from '@ai-sdk/deepseek'
 import { type GoogleGenerativeAIProviderSettings } from '@ai-sdk/google'
 import { type OpenAIProviderSettings } from '@ai-sdk/openai'
 import { type OpenAICompatibleProviderSettings } from '@ai-sdk/openai-compatible'
-import type {
-  EmbeddingModelV3 as EmbeddingModel,
-  ImageModelV3 as ImageModel,
-  LanguageModelV3 as LanguageModel,
-  ProviderV3,
-  SpeechModelV3 as SpeechModel,
-  TranscriptionModelV3 as TranscriptionModel
-} from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import type { ProviderV2, ProviderV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
 import { type XaiProviderSettings } from '@ai-sdk/xai'
+import type {
+  EmbeddingModel,
+  EmbeddingModelUsage,
+  ImageModel,
+  ImageModelUsage,
+  LanguageModel,
+  LanguageModelUsage,
+  SpeechModel,
+  TranscriptionModel
+} from 'ai'

 // 导入基于 Zod 的 ProviderId 类型
 import { type ProviderId as ZodProviderId } from './schemas'
@ -70,6 +73,8 @@ export type {
 }

 export type AiSdkModel = LanguageModel | ImageModel | EmbeddingModel | TranscriptionModel | SpeechModel
+export type AiSdkProvider = ProviderV2 | ProviderV3
+export type AiSdkUsage = LanguageModelUsage | ImageModelUsage | EmbeddingModelUsage

 export type AiSdkModelType = 'text' | 'image' | 'embedding' | 'transcription' | 'speech'

--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/executor.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/executor.ts
@ -4,10 +4,16 @@
 */
 import type { ImageModelV3, LanguageModelV3, LanguageModelV3Middleware } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
 import type { LanguageModel } from 'ai'
-import { generateImage as _generateImage, generateText as _generateText, streamText as _streamText } from 'ai'
+import {
+  generateImage as _generateImage,
+  generateText as _generateText,
+  streamText as _streamText,
+  wrapLanguageModel
+} from 'ai'

 import { globalModelResolver } from '../models'
 import { type ModelConfig } from '../models/types'
+import { isV3Model } from '../models/utils'
 import { type AiPlugin, type AiRequestContext, definePlugin } from '../plugins'
 import { type ProviderId } from '../providers'
 import { ImageGenerationError, ImageModelResolutionError } from './errors'
@ -181,8 +187,20 @@ export class RuntimeExecutor<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
        middlewares // 中间件数组
      )
    } else {
-      // 已经是模型，直接返回
-      return modelOrId
+      // 已经是模型对象
+      // 所有 provider 都应该返回 V3 模型（通过 wrapProvider 确保）
+      if (!isV3Model(modelOrId)) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Model must be V3. Provider "${this.config.providerId}" returned a V2 model. ` +
+            'All providers should be wrapped with wrapProvider to return V3 models.'
+        )
+      }
+
+      // V3 模型，使用 wrapLanguageModel 应用中间件
+      return wrapLanguageModel({
+        model: modelOrId,
+        middleware: middlewares || []
+      })
    }
  }

--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/pluginEngine.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/runtime/pluginEngine.ts
@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 /* eslint-disable @eslint-react/naming-convention/context-name */
 import type { ImageModelV3 } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-import type { generateImage, generateText, LanguageModel, streamText } from 'ai'
+import type { generateImage, LanguageModel } from 'ai'

-import { type AiPlugin, createContext, PluginManager } from '../plugins'
+import { ModelResolutionError, RecursiveDepthError } from '../errors'
+import {
+  type AiPlugin,
+  type AiRequestContext,
+  createContext,
+  type GenerateTextParams,
+  type GenerateTextResult,
+  PluginManager,
+  type StreamTextParams,
+  type StreamTextResult
+} from '../plugins'
 import { type ProviderId } from '../providers/types'

 /**
@ -10,21 +20,22 @@ import { type ProviderId } from '../providers/types'
 * 专注于插件处理，不暴露用户API
 */
 export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
-  private pluginManager: PluginManager
+  // ✅ 存储为非泛型数组（允许混合不同类型的插件）
+  private basePlugins: AiPlugin[] = []

  constructor(
    private readonly providerId: T,
    // private readonly options: ProviderSettingsMap[T],
    plugins: AiPlugin[] = []
  ) {
-    this.pluginManager = new PluginManager(plugins)
+    this.basePlugins = plugins
  }

  /**
   * 添加插件
   */
  use(plugin: AiPlugin): this {
-    this.pluginManager.use(plugin)
+    this.basePlugins.push(plugin)
    return this
  }

@ -32,7 +43,7 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
   * 批量添加插件
   */
  usePlugins(plugins: AiPlugin[]): this {
-    plugins.forEach((plugin) => this.use(plugin))
+    this.basePlugins.push(...plugins)
    return this
  }

@ -40,7 +51,7 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
   * 移除插件
   */
  removePlugin(pluginName: string): this {
-    this.pluginManager.remove(pluginName)
+    this.basePlugins = this.basePlugins.filter((p) => p.name !== pluginName)
    return this
  }

@ -48,14 +59,16 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
   * 获取插件统计
   */
  getPluginStats() {
-    return this.pluginManager.getStats()
+    // 创建临时 manager 来获取统计信息
+    const tempManager = new PluginManager(this.basePlugins)
+    return tempManager.getStats()
  }

  /**
   * 获取所有插件
   */
  getPlugins() {
-    return this.pluginManager.getPlugins()
+    return [...this.basePlugins]
  }

  /**
@ -63,13 +76,13 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
   * 提供给AiExecutor使用
   */
  async executeWithPlugins<
-    TParams extends Parameters<typeof generateText>[0],
-    TResult extends ReturnType<typeof generateText>
+    TParams extends GenerateTextParams,
+    TResult extends GenerateTextResult
  >(
    methodName: string,
    params: TParams,
    executor: (model: LanguageModel, transformedParams: TParams) => TResult,
-    _context?: ReturnType<typeof createContext>
+    _context?: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
  ): Promise<TResult> {
    // 统一处理模型解析
    let resolvedModel: LanguageModel | undefined
@ -84,54 +97,76 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
      modelId = model.modelId
    }

-    // 使用正确的createContext创建请求上下文
-    const context = _context ? _context : createContext(this.providerId, model, params)
+    // 创建类型安全的 context
+    const context = _context ?? createContext(this.providerId, model, params)

-    // 🔥 为上下文添加递归调用能力
-    context.recursiveCall = async (newParams: any): Promise<TResult> => {
-      // 递归调用自身，重新走完整的插件流程
-      context.isRecursiveCall = true
-      const result = await this.executeWithPlugins(methodName, newParams, executor, context)
-      context.isRecursiveCall = false
-      return result
+    // ✅ 创建类型化的 manager（逆变安全）
+    const manager = new PluginManager<TParams, TResult>(
+      this.basePlugins as AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[]
+    )
+
+    // ✅ 递归调用泛型化，增加深度限制
+    context.recursiveCall = async <R = TResult>(newParams: Partial<TParams>): Promise<R> => {
+      if (context.recursiveDepth >= context.maxRecursiveDepth) {
+        throw new RecursiveDepthError(context.requestId, context.recursiveDepth, context.maxRecursiveDepth)
+      }
+
+      const previousDepth = context.recursiveDepth
+      const wasRecursive = context.isRecursiveCall
+
+      try {
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth + 1
+        context.isRecursiveCall = true
+
+        return await this.executeWithPlugins(
+          methodName,
+          { ...params, ...newParams } as TParams,
+          executor,
+          context
+        ) as unknown as R
+      } finally {
+        // ✅ finally 确保状态恢复
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth
+        context.isRecursiveCall = wasRecursive
+      }
    }

    try {
      // 0. 配置上下文
-      await this.pluginManager.executeConfigureContext(context)
+      await manager.executeConfigureContext(context)

      // 1. 触发请求开始事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)

      // 2. 解析模型（如果是字符串）
      if (typeof model === 'string') {
-        const resolved = await this.pluginManager.executeFirst<LanguageModel>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
+        const resolved = await manager.executeFirst<LanguageModel>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
        if (!resolved) {
-          throw new Error(`Failed to resolve model: ${modelId}`)
+          throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
        }
        resolvedModel = resolved
      }

      if (!resolvedModel) {
-        throw new Error(`Model resolution failed: no model available`)
+        throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
      }

      // 3. 转换请求参数
-      const transformedParams = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformParams', params, context)
+      const transformedParams = await manager.executeTransformParams(params, context)

      // 4. 执行具体的 API 调用
      const result = await executor(resolvedModel, transformedParams)

      // 5. 转换结果（对于非流式调用）
-      const transformedResult = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformResult', result, context)
+      const transformedResult = await manager.executeTransformResult(result, context)

      // 6. 触发完成事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)

      return transformedResult
    } catch (error) {
      // 7. 触发错误事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
      throw error
    }
  }
@ -147,7 +182,7 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
    methodName: string,
    params: TParams,
    executor: (model: ImageModelV3, transformedParams: TParams) => TResult,
-    _context?: ReturnType<typeof createContext>
+    _context?: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
  ): Promise<TResult> {
    // 统一处理模型解析
    let resolvedModel: ImageModelV3 | undefined
@ -162,54 +197,76 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
      modelId = model.modelId
    }

-    // 使用正确的createContext创建请求上下文
-    const context = _context ? _context : createContext(this.providerId, model, params)
+    // 创建类型安全的 context
+    const context = _context ?? createContext(this.providerId, model, params)

-    // 🔥 为上下文添加递归调用能力
-    context.recursiveCall = async (newParams: any): Promise<TResult> => {
-      // 递归调用自身，重新走完整的插件流程
-      context.isRecursiveCall = true
-      const result = await this.executeImageWithPlugins(methodName, newParams, executor, context)
-      context.isRecursiveCall = false
-      return result
+    // ✅ 创建类型化的 manager（逆变安全）
+    const manager = new PluginManager<TParams, TResult>(
+      this.basePlugins as AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[]
+    )
+
+    // ✅ 递归调用泛型化，增加深度限制
+    context.recursiveCall = async <R = TResult>(newParams: Partial<TParams>): Promise<R> => {
+      if (context.recursiveDepth >= context.maxRecursiveDepth) {
+        throw new RecursiveDepthError(context.requestId, context.recursiveDepth, context.maxRecursiveDepth)
+      }
+
+      const previousDepth = context.recursiveDepth
+      const wasRecursive = context.isRecursiveCall
+
+      try {
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth + 1
+        context.isRecursiveCall = true
+
+        return await this.executeImageWithPlugins(
+          methodName,
+          { ...params, ...newParams } as TParams,
+          executor,
+          context
+        ) as unknown as R
+      } finally {
+        // ✅ finally 确保状态恢复
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth
+        context.isRecursiveCall = wasRecursive
+      }
    }

    try {
      // 0. 配置上下文
-      await this.pluginManager.executeConfigureContext(context)
+      await manager.executeConfigureContext(context)

      // 1. 触发请求开始事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)

      // 2. 解析模型（如果是字符串）
      if (typeof model === 'string') {
-        const resolved = await this.pluginManager.executeFirst<ImageModelV3>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
+        const resolved = await manager.executeFirst<ImageModelV3>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
        if (!resolved) {
-          throw new Error(`Failed to resolve image model: ${modelId}`)
+          throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
        }
        resolvedModel = resolved
      }

      if (!resolvedModel) {
-        throw new Error(`Image model resolution failed: no model available`)
+        throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
      }

      // 3. 转换请求参数
-      const transformedParams = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformParams', params, context)
+      const transformedParams = await manager.executeTransformParams(params, context)

      // 4. 执行具体的 API 调用
      const result = await executor(resolvedModel, transformedParams)

      // 5. 转换结果
-      const transformedResult = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformResult', result, context)
+      const transformedResult = await manager.executeTransformResult(result, context)

      // 6. 触发完成事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)

      return transformedResult
    } catch (error) {
      // 7. 触发错误事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
      throw error
    }
  }
@ -219,13 +276,13 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
   * 提供给AiExecutor使用
   */
  async executeStreamWithPlugins<
-    TParams extends Parameters<typeof streamText>[0],
-    TResult extends ReturnType<typeof streamText>
+    TParams extends StreamTextParams,
+    TResult extends StreamTextResult
  >(
    methodName: string,
    params: TParams,
    executor: (model: LanguageModel, transformedParams: TParams, streamTransforms: any[]) => TResult,
-    _context?: ReturnType<typeof createContext>
+    _context?: AiRequestContext<TParams, TResult>
  ): Promise<TResult> {
    // 统一处理模型解析
    let resolvedModel: LanguageModel | undefined
@ -240,56 +297,78 @@ export class PluginEngine<T extends ProviderId = ProviderId> {
      modelId = model.modelId
    }

-    // 创建请求上下文
-    const context = _context ? _context : createContext(this.providerId, model, params)
+    // 创建类型安全的 context
+    const context = _context ?? createContext(this.providerId, model, params)

-    // 🔥 为上下文添加递归调用能力
-    context.recursiveCall = async (newParams: any): Promise<TResult> => {
-      // 递归调用自身，重新走完整的插件流程
-      context.isRecursiveCall = true
-      const result = await this.executeStreamWithPlugins(methodName, newParams, executor, context)
-      context.isRecursiveCall = false
-      return result
+    // ✅ 创建类型化的 manager（逆变安全）
+    const manager = new PluginManager<TParams, TResult>(
+      this.basePlugins as AiPlugin<TParams, TResult>[]
+    )
+
+    // ✅ 递归调用泛型化，增加深度限制
+    context.recursiveCall = async <R = TResult>(newParams: Partial<TParams>): Promise<R> => {
+      if (context.recursiveDepth >= context.maxRecursiveDepth) {
+        throw new RecursiveDepthError(context.requestId, context.recursiveDepth, context.maxRecursiveDepth)
+      }
+
+      const previousDepth = context.recursiveDepth
+      const wasRecursive = context.isRecursiveCall
+
+      try {
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth + 1
+        context.isRecursiveCall = true
+
+        return await this.executeStreamWithPlugins(
+          methodName,
+          { ...params, ...newParams } as TParams,
+          executor,
+          context
+        ) as unknown as R
+      } finally {
+        // ✅ finally 确保状态恢复
+        context.recursiveDepth = previousDepth
+        context.isRecursiveCall = wasRecursive
+      }
    }

    try {
      // 0. 配置上下文
-      await this.pluginManager.executeConfigureContext(context)
+      await manager.executeConfigureContext(context)

      // 1. 触发请求开始事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestStart', context)

      // 2. 解析模型（如果是字符串）
      if (typeof model === 'string') {
-        const resolved = await this.pluginManager.executeFirst<LanguageModel>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
+        const resolved = await manager.executeFirst<LanguageModel>('resolveModel', modelId, context)
        if (!resolved) {
-          throw new Error(`Failed to resolve model: ${modelId}`)
+          throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
        }
        resolvedModel = resolved
      }

      if (!resolvedModel) {
-        throw new Error(`Model resolution failed: no model available`)
+        throw new ModelResolutionError(modelId, this.providerId)
      }

      // 3. 转换请求参数
-      const transformedParams = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformParams', params, context)
+      const transformedParams = await manager.executeTransformParams(params, context)

      // 4. 收集流转换器
-      const streamTransforms = this.pluginManager.collectStreamTransforms(transformedParams, context)
+      const streamTransforms = manager.collectStreamTransforms(transformedParams, context)

      // 5. 执行流式 API 调用
      const result = await executor(resolvedModel, transformedParams, streamTransforms)

-      const transformedResult = await this.pluginManager.executeSequential('transformResult', result, context)
+      const transformedResult = await manager.executeTransformResult(result, context)

      // 6. 触发完成事件（注意：对于流式调用，这里触发的是开始流式响应的事件）
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onRequestEnd', context, transformedResult)

      return transformedResult
    } catch (error) {
      // 7. 触发错误事件
-      await this.pluginManager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
+      await manager.executeParallel('onError', context, undefined, error as Error)
      throw error
    }
  }
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/core/types/branded.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/core/types/branded.ts
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/**
+ * Branded Types for type-safe IDs
+ *
+ * Branded types prevent accidental misuse of primitive types (like string)
+ * by adding compile-time type safety without runtime overhead.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * const modelId = ModelId('gpt-4')  // ModelId type
+ * const requestId = RequestId('req-123')  // RequestId type
+ *
+ * function processModel(id: ModelId) { ... }
+ * processModel(requestId)  // ❌ Compile error - type mismatch
+ * ```
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Brand helper type
+ */
+type Brand<K, T> = K & { readonly __brand: T }
+
+/**
+ * Model ID branded type
+ * Represents a unique model identifier
+ */
+export type ModelId = Brand<string, 'ModelId'>
+
+/**
+ * Request ID branded type
+ * Represents a unique request identifier for tracing
+ */
+export type RequestId = Brand<string, 'RequestId'>
+
+/**
+ * Provider ID branded type
+ * Represents a provider identifier (e.g., 'openai', 'anthropic')
+ */
+export type ProviderId = Brand<string, 'ProviderId'>
+
+/**
+ * Create a ModelId from a string
+ * @param id - The model identifier string
+ * @returns Branded ModelId
+ */
+export const ModelId = (id: string): ModelId => id as ModelId
+
+/**
+ * Create a RequestId from a string
+ * @param id - The request identifier string
+ * @returns Branded RequestId
+ */
+export const RequestId = (id: string): RequestId => id as RequestId
+
+/**
+ * Create a ProviderId from a string
+ * @param id - The provider identifier string
+ * @returns Branded ProviderId
+ */
+export const ProviderId = (id: string): ProviderId => id as ProviderId
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a string is a valid ModelId
+ */
+export const isModelId = (value: unknown): value is ModelId => {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a string is a valid RequestId
+ */
+export const isRequestId = (value: unknown): value is RequestId => {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0
+}
+
+/**
+ * Type guard to check if a string is a valid ProviderId
+ */
+export const isProviderId = (value: unknown): value is ProviderId => {
+  return typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0
+}
--- a/packages/aiCore/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/aiCore/src/index.ts
@ -15,19 +15,34 @@ export {
 } from './core/runtime'

 // ==================== 高级API ====================
-export { globalModelResolver as modelResolver } from './core/models'
+export { isV2Model, isV3Model, globalModelResolver as modelResolver } from './core/models'

 // ==================== 插件系统 ====================
-export type { AiPlugin, AiRequestContext, HookResult, PluginManagerConfig } from './core/plugins'
+export type {
+  AiPlugin,
+  AiRequestContext,
+  AiRequestMetadata,
+  GenerateTextParams,
+  GenerateTextResult,
+  HookResult,
+  PluginManagerConfig,
+  RecursiveCallFn,
+  StreamTextParams,
+  StreamTextResult
+} from './core/plugins'
 export { createContext, definePlugin, PluginManager } from './core/plugins'
-// export { createPromptToolUsePlugin, webSearchPlugin } from './core/plugins/built-in'
 export { PluginEngine } from './core/runtime/pluginEngine'

-// ==================== AI SDK 常用类型导出 ====================
-// 直接导出 AI SDK 的常用类型，方便使用
-export type { LanguageModelV3Middleware, LanguageModelV3StreamPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
-export type { ToolCall } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils'
-export type { ReasoningPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils'
+// ==================== 类型工具 ====================
+export type { ModelId, ProviderId, RequestId } from './core/types/branded'
+export { isModelId, isProviderId, isRequestId } from './core/types/branded'
+// Branded type constructors (values, not types)
+export type { AiSdkModel } from './core/providers'
+export {
+  ModelId as createModelId,
+  ProviderId as createProviderId,
+  RequestId as createRequestId
+} from './core/types/branded'

 // ==================== 选项 ====================
 export {
@ -40,6 +55,17 @@ export {
  type TypedProviderOptions
 } from './core/options'

+// ==================== 错误处理 ====================
+export {
+  AiCoreError,
+  ModelResolutionError,
+  ParameterValidationError,
+  PluginExecutionError,
+  ProviderConfigError,
+  RecursiveDepthError,
+  TemplateLoadError
+} from './core/errors'
+
 // ==================== 包信息 ====================
 export const AI_CORE_VERSION = '1.0.0'
 export const AI_CORE_NAME = '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/index_new.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/index_new.ts
@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 * 2. 暂时保持接口兼容性
 */

+import type { AiSdkModel } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import { createExecutor } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import { getEnableDeveloperMode } from '@renderer/hooks/useSettings'
@ -14,16 +15,14 @@ import { normalizeGatewayModels, normalizeSdkModels } from '@renderer/services/m
 import { addSpan, endSpan } from '@renderer/services/SpanManagerService'
 import type { StartSpanParams } from '@renderer/trace/types/ModelSpanEntity'
 import { type Assistant, type GenerateImageParams, type Model, type Provider, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
-import type { AiSdkModel, StreamTextParams } from '@renderer/types/aiCoreTypes'
+import type { StreamTextParams } from '@renderer/types/aiCoreTypes'
 import { SUPPORTED_IMAGE_ENDPOINT_LIST } from '@renderer/utils'
 import { buildClaudeCodeSystemModelMessage } from '@shared/anthropic'
-import { gateway, type ImageModel, type LanguageModel, type Provider as AiSdkProvider, wrapLanguageModel } from 'ai'
+import { gateway, type LanguageModel, type Provider as AiSdkProvider } from 'ai'

 import AiSdkToChunkAdapter from './chunk/AiSdkToChunkAdapter'
 import LegacyAiProvider from './legacy/index'
 import type { CompletionsParams, CompletionsResult } from './legacy/middleware/schemas'
-import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from './middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
-import { buildAiSdkMiddlewares } from './middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
 import { buildPlugins } from './plugins/PluginBuilder'
 import { createAiSdkProvider } from './provider/factory'
 import {
@ -34,6 +33,7 @@ import {
  providerToAiSdkConfig
 } from './provider/providerConfig'
 import type { AiSdkConfig } from './types'
+import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from './types/middlewareConfig'

 const logger = loggerService.withContext('ModernAiProvider')

@ -144,16 +144,6 @@ export default class ModernAiProvider {
      this.localProvider = await createAiSdkProvider(this.config)
    }

-    // 提前构建中间件
-    const middlewares = buildAiSdkMiddlewares({
-      ...providerConfig,
-      provider: this.actualProvider,
-      assistant: providerConfig.assistant
-    })
-    logger.debug('Built middlewares in completions', {
-      middlewareCount: middlewares.length,
-      isImageGeneration: providerConfig.isImageGenerationEndpoint
-    })
    if (!this.localProvider) {
      throw new Error('Local provider not created')
    }
@ -164,14 +154,20 @@ export default class ModernAiProvider {
      model = this.localProvider.imageModel(modelId)
    } else {
      model = this.localProvider.languageModel(modelId)
-      // 如果有中间件，应用到语言模型上
-      if (middlewares.length > 0 && typeof model === 'object') {
-        model = wrapLanguageModel({ model, middleware: middlewares })
-      }
    }

    if (this.actualProvider.id === 'anthropic' && this.actualProvider.authType === 'oauth') {
-      const claudeCodeSystemMessage = buildClaudeCodeSystemModelMessage(params.system)
+      // 类型守卫：确保 system 是 string、Array 或 undefined
+      const system = params.system
+      let systemParam: string | Array<any> | undefined
+      if (typeof system === 'string' || Array.isArray(system) || system === undefined) {
+        systemParam = system
+      } else {
+        // SystemModelMessage 类型，转换为 string
+        systemParam = undefined
+      }
+
+      const claudeCodeSystemMessage = buildClaudeCodeSystemModelMessage(systemParam)
      params.system = undefined // 清除原有system，避免重复
      params.messages = [...claudeCodeSystemMessage, ...(params.messages || [])]
    }
@ -543,7 +539,7 @@ export default class ModernAiProvider {

    const executor = createExecutor(this.config!.providerId, this.config!.options, [])
    const result = await executor.generateImage({
-      model: this.localProvider?.imageModel(model) as ImageModel,
+      model: model, // 直接使用 model ID 字符串，由 executor 内部解析
      ...aiSdkParams
    })

--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder.ts
@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-import type { WebSearchPluginConfig } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/built-in/plugins'
-import { loggerService } from '@logger'
-import { isGemini3Model, isSupportedThinkingTokenQwenModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
-import type { MCPTool } from '@renderer/types'
-import { type Assistant, type Message, type Model, type Provider, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
-import type { Chunk } from '@renderer/types/chunk'
-import { isOllamaProvider, isSupportEnableThinkingProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
-import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
-import { extractReasoningMiddleware, simulateStreamingMiddleware } from 'ai'
-
-import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '../provider/factory'
-import { isOpenRouterGeminiGenerateImageModel } from '../utils/image'
-import { noThinkMiddleware } from './noThinkMiddleware'
-import { openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware } from './openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware'
-import { openrouterReasoningMiddleware } from './openrouterReasoningMiddleware'
-import { qwenThinkingMiddleware } from './qwenThinkingMiddleware'
-import { skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware } from './skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware'
-
-const logger = loggerService.withContext('AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder')
-
-/**
- * AI SDK 中间件配置项
- */
-export interface AiSdkMiddlewareConfig {
-  streamOutput: boolean
-  onChunk?: (chunk: Chunk) => void
-  model?: Model
-  provider?: Provider
-  assistant?: Assistant
-  enableReasoning: boolean
-  // 是否开启提示词工具调用
-  isPromptToolUse: boolean
-  // 是否支持工具调用
-  isSupportedToolUse: boolean
-  // image generation endpoint
-  isImageGenerationEndpoint: boolean
-  // 是否开启内置搜索
-  enableWebSearch: boolean
-  enableGenerateImage: boolean
-  enableUrlContext: boolean
-  mcpTools?: MCPTool[]
-  uiMessages?: Message[]
-  // 内置搜索配置
-  webSearchPluginConfig?: WebSearchPluginConfig
-  // 知识库识别开关，默认开启
-  knowledgeRecognition?: 'off' | 'on'
-}
-
-/**
- * 具名的 AI SDK 中间件
- */
-export interface NamedAiSdkMiddleware {
-  name: string
-  middleware: LanguageModelMiddleware
-}
-
-/**
- * AI SDK 中间件建造者
- * 用于根据不同条件动态构建中间件数组
- */
-export class AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder {
-  private middlewares: NamedAiSdkMiddleware[] = []
-
-  /**
-   * 添加具名中间件
-   */
-  public add(namedMiddleware: NamedAiSdkMiddleware): this {
-    this.middlewares.push(namedMiddleware)
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 在指定位置插入中间件
-   */
-  public insertAfter(targetName: string, middleware: NamedAiSdkMiddleware): this {
-    const index = this.middlewares.findIndex((m) => m.name === targetName)
-    if (index !== -1) {
-      this.middlewares.splice(index + 1, 0, middleware)
-    } else {
-      logger.warn(`AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder: Middleware named '${targetName}' not found, cannot insert`)
-    }
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 检查是否包含指定名称的中间件
-   */
-  public has(name: string): boolean {
-    return this.middlewares.some((m) => m.name === name)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 移除指定名称的中间件
-   */
-  public remove(name: string): this {
-    this.middlewares = this.middlewares.filter((m) => m.name !== name)
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 构建最终的中间件数组
-   */
-  public build(): LanguageModelMiddleware[] {
-    return this.middlewares.map((m) => m.middleware)
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 获取具名中间件数组（用于调试）
-   */
-  public buildNamed(): NamedAiSdkMiddleware[] {
-    return [...this.middlewares]
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 清空所有中间件
-   */
-  public clear(): this {
-    this.middlewares = []
-    return this
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * 获取中间件总数
-   */
-  public get length(): number {
-    return this.middlewares.length
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * 根据配置构建AI SDK中间件的工厂函数
- * 这里要注意构建顺序，因为有些中间件需要依赖其他中间件的结果
- */
-export function buildAiSdkMiddlewares(config: AiSdkMiddlewareConfig): LanguageModelMiddleware[] {
-  const builder = new AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder()
-
-  // 1. 根据provider添加特定中间件
-  if (config.provider) {
-    addProviderSpecificMiddlewares(builder, config)
-  }
-
-  // 2. 根据模型类型添加特定中间件
-  if (config.model) {
-    addModelSpecificMiddlewares(builder, config)
-  }
-
-  // 3. 非流式输出时添加模拟流中间件
-  if (config.streamOutput === false) {
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'simulate-streaming',
-      middleware: simulateStreamingMiddleware()
-    })
-  }
-
-  return builder.build()
-}
-
-const tagName = {
-  reasoning: 'reasoning',
-  think: 'think',
-  thought: 'thought',
-  seedThink: 'seed:think'
-}
-
-function getReasoningTagName(modelId: string | undefined): string {
-  if (modelId?.includes('gpt-oss')) return tagName.reasoning
-  if (modelId?.includes('gemini')) return tagName.thought
-  if (modelId?.includes('seed-oss-36b')) return tagName.seedThink
-  return tagName.think
-}
-
-/**
- * 添加provider特定的中间件
- */
-function addProviderSpecificMiddlewares(builder: AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder, config: AiSdkMiddlewareConfig): void {
-  if (!config.provider) return
-
-  // 根据不同provider添加特定中间件
-  switch (config.provider.type) {
-    case 'anthropic':
-      // Anthropic特定中间件
-      break
-    case 'openai':
-    case 'azure-openai': {
-      if (config.enableReasoning) {
-        const tagName = getReasoningTagName(config.model?.id.toLowerCase())
-        builder.add({
-          name: 'thinking-tag-extraction',
-          middleware: extractReasoningMiddleware({ tagName })
-        })
-      }
-      break
-    }
-    case 'gemini':
-      // Gemini特定中间件
-      break
-    case 'aws-bedrock': {
-      break
-    }
-    default:
-      // 其他provider的通用处理
-      break
-  }
-
-  // OVMS+MCP's specific middleware
-  if (config.provider.id === 'ovms' && config.mcpTools && config.mcpTools.length > 0) {
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'no-think',
-      middleware: noThinkMiddleware()
-    })
-  }
-
-  if (config.provider.id === SystemProviderIds.openrouter && config.enableReasoning) {
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'openrouter-reasoning-redaction',
-      middleware: openrouterReasoningMiddleware()
-    })
-    logger.debug('Added OpenRouter reasoning redaction middleware')
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * 添加模型特定的中间件
- */
-function addModelSpecificMiddlewares(builder: AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder, config: AiSdkMiddlewareConfig): void {
-  if (!config.model || !config.provider) return
-
-  // Qwen models on providers that don't support enable_thinking parameter (like Ollama, LM Studio, NVIDIA)
-  // Use /think or /no_think suffix to control thinking mode
-  if (
-    config.provider &&
-    !isOllamaProvider(config.provider) &&
-    isSupportedThinkingTokenQwenModel(config.model) &&
-    !isSupportEnableThinkingProvider(config.provider)
-  ) {
-    const enableThinking = config.assistant?.settings?.reasoning_effort !== undefined
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'qwen-thinking-control',
-      middleware: qwenThinkingMiddleware(enableThinking)
-    })
-    logger.debug(`Added Qwen thinking middleware with thinking ${enableThinking ? 'enabled' : 'disabled'}`)
-  }
-
-  // 可以根据模型ID或特性添加特定中间件
-  // 例如：图像生成模型、多模态模型等
-  if (isOpenRouterGeminiGenerateImageModel(config.model, config.provider)) {
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'openrouter-gemini-image-generation',
-      middleware: openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware()
-    })
-  }
-
-  if (isGemini3Model(config.model)) {
-    const aiSdkId = getAiSdkProviderId(config.provider)
-    builder.add({
-      name: 'skip-gemini3-thought-signature',
-      middleware: skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId)
-    })
-    logger.debug('Added skip Gemini3 thought signature middleware')
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * 创建一个预配置的中间件建造者
- */
-export function createAiSdkMiddlewareBuilder(): AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder {
-  return new AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder()
-}
-
-/**
- * 创建一个带有默认中间件的建造者
- */
-export function createDefaultAiSdkMiddlewareBuilder(config: AiSdkMiddlewareConfig): AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder {
-  const builder = new AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder()
-  const defaultMiddlewares = buildAiSdkMiddlewares(config)
-
-  // 将普通中间件数组转换为具名中间件并添加
-  defaultMiddlewares.forEach((middleware, index) => {
-    builder.add({
-      name: `default-middleware-${index}`,
-      middleware
-    })
-  })
-
-  return builder
-}
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/README.md
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/README.md
@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-# AI SDK 中间件建造者
-
-## 概述
-
-`AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder` 是一个用于动态构建 AI SDK 中间件数组的建造者模式实现。它可以根据不同的条件（如流式输出、思考模型、provider类型等）自动构建合适的中间件组合。
-
-## 使用方式
-
-### 基本用法
-
-```typescript
-import { buildAiSdkMiddlewares, type AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from './AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
-
-// 配置中间件参数
-const config: AiSdkMiddlewareConfig = {
-  streamOutput: false, // 非流式输出
-  onChunk: chunkHandler, // chunk回调函数
-  model: currentModel, // 当前模型
-  provider: currentProvider, // 当前provider
-  enableReasoning: true, // 启用推理
-  enableTool: false, // 禁用工具
-  enableWebSearch: false // 禁用网页搜索
-}
-
-// 构建中间件数组
-const middlewares = buildAiSdkMiddlewares(config)
-
-// 创建带有中间件的客户端
-const client = createClient(providerId, options, middlewares)
-```
-
-### 手动构建
-
-```typescript
-import { AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder, createAiSdkMiddlewareBuilder } from './AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
-
-const builder = createAiSdkMiddlewareBuilder()
-
-// 添加特定中间件
-builder.add({
-  name: 'custom-middleware',
-  aiSdkMiddlewares: [customMiddleware()]
-})
-
-// 检查是否包含某个中间件
-if (builder.has('thinking-time')) {
-  console.log('已包含思考时间中间件')
-}
-
-// 移除不需要的中间件
-builder.remove('simulate-streaming')
-
-// 构建最终数组
-const middlewares = builder.build()
-```
-
-## 支持的条件
-
-### 1. 流式输出控制
-
- **streamOutput = false**: 自动添加 `simulateStreamingMiddleware`
- **streamOutput = true**: 使用原生流式处理
-
-### 2. 思考模型处理
-
- **条件**: `onChunk` 存在 && `isReasoningModel(model)` 为 true
- **效果**: 自动添加 `thinkingTimeMiddleware`
-
-### 3. Provider 特定中间件
-
-根据不同的 provider 类型添加特定中间件：
-
- **anthropic**: Anthropic 特定处理
- **openai**: OpenAI 特定处理
- **gemini**: Gemini 特定处理
-
-### 4. 模型特定中间件
-
-根据模型特性添加中间件：
-
- **图像生成模型**: 添加图像处理相关中间件
- **多模态模型**: 添加多模态处理中间件
-
-## 扩展指南
-
-### 添加新的条件判断
-
-在 `buildAiSdkMiddlewares` 函数中添加新的条件：
-
-```typescript
-// 例如：添加缓存中间件
-if (config.enableCache) {
-  builder.add({
-    name: 'cache',
-    aiSdkMiddlewares: [cacheMiddleware(config.cacheOptions)]
-  })
-}
-```
-
-### 添加 Provider 特定处理
-
-在 `addProviderSpecificMiddlewares` 函数中添加：
-
-```typescript
-case 'custom-provider':
-  builder.add({
-    name: 'custom-provider-middleware',
-    aiSdkMiddlewares: [customProviderMiddleware()]
-  })
-  break
-```
-
-### 添加模型特定处理
-
-在 `addModelSpecificMiddlewares` 函数中添加：
-
-```typescript
-if (config.model.id.includes('custom-model')) {
-  builder.add({
-    name: 'custom-model-middleware',
-    aiSdkMiddlewares: [customModelMiddleware()]
-  })
-}
-```
-
-## 中间件执行顺序
-
-中间件按照添加顺序执行：
-
-1. **simulate-streaming** (如果 streamOutput = false)
-2. **thinking-time** (如果是思考模型且有 onChunk)
-3. **provider-specific** (根据 provider 类型)
-4. **model-specific** (根据模型类型)
-
-## 注意事项
-
-1. 中间件的执行顺序很重要，确保按正确顺序添加
-2. 避免添加冲突的中间件
-3. 某些中间件可能有依赖关系，需要确保依赖的中间件先添加
-4. 建议在开发环境下启用日志，以便调试中间件构建过程
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/toolChoiceMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/toolChoiceMiddleware.ts
@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-import { loggerService } from '@logger'
-import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
-
-const logger = loggerService.withContext('toolChoiceMiddleware')
-
-/**
- * Tool Choice Middleware
- * Controls tool selection strategy across multiple rounds of tool calls:
- * - First round: Forces the model to call a specific tool (e.g., knowledge base search)
- * - Subsequent rounds: Allows the model to automatically choose any available tool
- *
- * This ensures knowledge base is consulted first while still enabling MCP tools
- * and other capabilities in follow-up interactions.
- *
- * @param forceFirstToolName - The tool name to force on the first round
- * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware
- */
-export function toolChoiceMiddleware(forceFirstToolName: string): LanguageModelMiddleware {
-  let toolCallRound = 0
-
-  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
-
-    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
-      toolCallRound++
-
-      const transformedParams = { ...params }
-
-      if (toolCallRound === 1) {
-        // First round: force the specified tool
-        logger.debug(`Round ${toolCallRound}: Forcing tool choice to '${forceFirstToolName}'`)
-        transformedParams.toolChoice = {
-          type: 'tool',
-          toolName: forceFirstToolName
-        }
-      } else {
-        // Subsequent rounds: allow automatic tool selection
-        logger.debug(`Round ${toolCallRound}: Using automatic tool choice`)
-        transformedParams.toolChoice = { type: 'auto' }
-      }
-
-      return transformedParams
-    }
-  }
-}
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/PluginBuilder.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/PluginBuilder.ts
@ -1,11 +1,24 @@
 import type { AiPlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import { createPromptToolUsePlugin, webSearchPlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/built-in/plugins'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
+import { isGemini3Model, isSupportedThinkingTokenQwenModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
 import { getEnableDeveloperMode } from '@renderer/hooks/useSettings'
 import type { Assistant } from '@renderer/types'
+import { SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
+import { isOllamaProvider, isSupportEnableThinkingProvider } from '@renderer/utils/provider'

-import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from '../middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
+import { getAiSdkProviderId } from '../provider/factory'
+import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from '../types/middlewareConfig'
+import { isOpenRouterGeminiGenerateImageModel } from '../utils/image'
+import { getReasoningTagName } from '../utils/reasoning'
+import { createNoThinkPlugin } from './noThinkPlugin'
+import { createOpenrouterGenerateImagePlugin } from './openrouterGenerateImagePlugin'
+import { createOpenrouterReasoningPlugin } from './openrouterReasoningPlugin'
+import { createQwenThinkingPlugin } from './qwenThinkingPlugin'
+import { createReasoningExtractionPlugin } from './reasoningExtractionPlugin'
 import { searchOrchestrationPlugin } from './searchOrchestrationPlugin'
+import { createSimulateStreamingPlugin } from './simulateStreamingPlugin'
+import { createSkipGeminiThoughtSignaturePlugin } from './skipGeminiThoughtSignaturePlugin'
 import { createTelemetryPlugin } from './telemetryPlugin'

 const logger = loggerService.withContext('PluginBuilder')
@ -28,6 +41,59 @@ export function buildPlugins(
    )
  }

+  // === AI SDK Middleware Plugins ===
+
+  // 0.1 Simulate streaming for non-streaming requests
+  if (!middlewareConfig.streamOutput) {
+    plugins.push(createSimulateStreamingPlugin())
+  }
+
+  // 0.2 Reasoning extraction for OpenAI/Azure providers
+  if (middlewareConfig.enableReasoning && middlewareConfig.provider) {
+    const providerType = middlewareConfig.provider.type
+    if (providerType === 'openai' || providerType === 'azure-openai') {
+      const tagName = getReasoningTagName(middlewareConfig.model?.id.toLowerCase())
+      plugins.push(createReasoningExtractionPlugin({ tagName }))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 0.3 OpenRouter reasoning redaction
+  if (middlewareConfig.provider?.id === SystemProviderIds.openrouter && middlewareConfig.enableReasoning) {
+    plugins.push(createOpenrouterReasoningPlugin())
+  }
+
+  // 0.4 OVMS no-think for MCP tools
+  if (middlewareConfig.provider?.id === 'ovms' && middlewareConfig.mcpTools && middlewareConfig.mcpTools.length > 0) {
+    plugins.push(createNoThinkPlugin())
+  }
+
+  // 0.5 Qwen thinking control for providers without enable_thinking support
+  if (
+    middlewareConfig.provider &&
+    middlewareConfig.model &&
+    !isOllamaProvider(middlewareConfig.provider) &&
+    isSupportedThinkingTokenQwenModel(middlewareConfig.model) &&
+    !isSupportEnableThinkingProvider(middlewareConfig.provider)
+  ) {
+    const enableThinking = middlewareConfig.assistant?.settings?.reasoning_effort !== undefined
+    plugins.push(createQwenThinkingPlugin(enableThinking))
+  }
+
+  // 0.6 OpenRouter Gemini image generation
+  if (
+    middlewareConfig.model &&
+    middlewareConfig.provider &&
+    isOpenRouterGeminiGenerateImageModel(middlewareConfig.model, middlewareConfig.provider)
+  ) {
+    plugins.push(createOpenrouterGenerateImagePlugin())
+  }
+
+  // 0.7 Skip Gemini3 thought signature
+  if (middlewareConfig.model && middlewareConfig.provider && isGemini3Model(middlewareConfig.model)) {
+    const aiSdkId = getAiSdkProviderId(middlewareConfig.provider)
+    plugins.push(createSkipGeminiThoughtSignaturePlugin(aiSdkId))
+  }
+
  // 1. 模型内置搜索
  if (middlewareConfig.enableWebSearch && middlewareConfig.webSearchPluginConfig) {
    plugins.push(webSearchPlugin(middlewareConfig.webSearchPluginConfig))
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/noThinkMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/noThinkMiddleware.ts
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'

-const logger = loggerService.withContext('noThinkMiddleware')
+const logger = loggerService.withContext('noThinkPlugin')

 /**
 * No Think Middleware
@ -9,9 +10,9 @@ const logger = loggerService.withContext('noThinkMiddleware')
 * This prevents the model from generating unnecessary thinking process and returns results directly
 * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware
 */
-export function noThinkMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
+function createNoThinkMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    specificationVersion: 'v3',

    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
      const transformedParams = { ...params }
@ -50,3 +51,14 @@ export function noThinkMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
    }
  }
 }
+
+export const createNoThinkPlugin = () =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'noThink',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(createNoThinkMiddleware())
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware.ts
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'

 /**
@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 * https://openrouter.ai/docs/features/multimodal/image-generation
 *
 * Remarks:
- * - The middleware declares middlewareVersion as 'v2'.
+ * - The middleware declares specificationVersion as 'v3'.
 * - transformParams asynchronously clones the incoming params and sets
 *   providerOptions.openrouter.modalities = ['image', 'text'], preserving other providerOptions and
 *   openrouter fields when present.
@ -15,9 +16,9 @@ import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 *
 * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware - a middleware that augments providerOptions for OpenRouter to include image and text modalities.
 */
-export function openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
+function createOpenrouterGenerateImageMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    specificationVersion: 'v3',

    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
      const transformedParams = { ...params }
@ -25,9 +26,19 @@ export function openrouterGenerateImageMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
        ...transformedParams.providerOptions,
        openrouter: { ...transformedParams.providerOptions?.openrouter, modalities: ['image', 'text'] }
      }
-      transformedParams

      return transformedParams
    }
  }
 }
+
+export const createOpenrouterGenerateImagePlugin = () =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'openrouterGenerateImage',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(createOpenrouterGenerateImageMiddleware())
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/openrouterReasoningMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/openrouterReasoningMiddleware.ts
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import type { LanguageModelV2StreamPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import type { LanguageModelV3StreamPart } from '@ai-sdk/provider'
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'

 /**
@ -6,10 +7,10 @@ import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 *
 * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware - a middleware filter redacted block
 */
-export function openrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
+function createOpenrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
  const REDACTED_BLOCK = '[REDACTED]'
  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    specificationVersion: 'v3',
    wrapGenerate: async ({ doGenerate }) => {
      const { content, ...rest } = await doGenerate()
      const modifiedContent = content.map((part) => {
@ -27,10 +28,10 @@ export function openrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
      const { stream, ...rest } = await doStream()
      return {
        stream: stream.pipeThrough(
-          new TransformStream<LanguageModelV2StreamPart, LanguageModelV2StreamPart>({
+          new TransformStream<LanguageModelV3StreamPart, LanguageModelV3StreamPart>({
            transform(
-              chunk: LanguageModelV2StreamPart,
-              controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<LanguageModelV2StreamPart>
+              chunk: LanguageModelV3StreamPart,
+              controller: TransformStreamDefaultController<LanguageModelV3StreamPart>
            ) {
              if (chunk.type === 'reasoning-delta' && chunk.delta.includes(REDACTED_BLOCK)) {
                controller.enqueue({
@ -48,3 +49,14 @@ export function openrouterReasoningMiddleware(): LanguageModelMiddleware {
    }
  }
 }
+
+export const createOpenrouterReasoningPlugin = () =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'openrouterReasoning',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(createOpenrouterReasoningMiddleware())
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/qwenThinkingMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/qwenThinkingMiddleware.ts
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'

 /**
@ -7,11 +8,11 @@ import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 * @param enableThinking - Whether thinking mode is enabled (based on reasoning_effort !== undefined)
 * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware
 */
-export function qwenThinkingMiddleware(enableThinking: boolean): LanguageModelMiddleware {
+function createQwenThinkingMiddleware(enableThinking: boolean): LanguageModelMiddleware {
  const suffix = enableThinking ? ' /think' : ' /no_think'

  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    specificationVersion: 'v3',

    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
      const transformedParams = { ...params }
@ -37,3 +38,14 @@ export function qwenThinkingMiddleware(enableThinking: boolean): LanguageModelMi
    }
  }
 }
+
+export const createQwenThinkingPlugin = (enableThinking: boolean) =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'qwenThinking',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(createQwenThinkingMiddleware(enableThinking))
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/reasoningExtractionPlugin.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/reasoningExtractionPlugin.ts
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
+import { extractReasoningMiddleware } from 'ai'
+
+/**
+ * Reasoning Extraction Plugin
+ * Extracts reasoning/thinking tags from OpenAI/Azure responses
+ * Uses AI SDK's built-in extractReasoningMiddleware
+ */
+export const createReasoningExtractionPlugin = (options: { tagName?: string } = {}) =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'reasoningExtraction',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(
+        extractReasoningMiddleware({
+          tagName: options.tagName || 'thinking'
+        })
+      )
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/searchOrchestrationPlugin.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/searchOrchestrationPlugin.ts
@ -6,7 +6,13 @@
 * 2. transformParams: 根据意图分析结果动态添加对应的工具
 * 3. onRequestEnd: 自动记忆存储
 */
-import { type AiRequestContext, definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
+import {
+  type AiPlugin,
+  type AiRequestContext,
+  definePlugin,
+  type StreamTextParams,
+  type StreamTextResult
+} from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 // import { generateObject } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import {
@ -236,18 +242,21 @@ async function storeConversationMemory(
 /**
 * 🎯 搜索编排插件
 */
-export const searchOrchestrationPlugin = (assistant: Assistant, topicId: string) => {
+export const searchOrchestrationPlugin = (
+  assistant: Assistant,
+  topicId: string
+): AiPlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult> => {
  // 存储意图分析结果
  const intentAnalysisResults: { [requestId: string]: ExtractResults } = {}
  const userMessages: { [requestId: string]: ModelMessage } = {}

-  return definePlugin({
+  return definePlugin<StreamTextParams, StreamTextResult>({
    name: 'search-orchestration',
    enforce: 'pre', // 确保在其他插件之前执行
    /**
     * 🔍 Step 1: 意图识别阶段
     */
-    onRequestStart: async (context: AiRequestContext) => {
+    onRequestStart: async (context) => {
      // 没开启任何搜索则不进行意图分析
      if (!(assistant.webSearchProviderId || assistant.knowledge_bases?.length || assistant.enableMemory)) return

@ -297,7 +306,7 @@ export const searchOrchestrationPlugin = (assistant: Assistant, topicId: string)
    /**
     * 🔧 Step 2: 工具配置阶段
     */
-    transformParams: async (params: any, context: AiRequestContext) => {
+    transformParams: async (params, context) => {
      // logger.info('🔧 Configuring tools based on intent...', context.requestId)

      try {
@ -309,7 +318,7 @@ export const searchOrchestrationPlugin = (assistant: Assistant, topicId: string)

        // 确保 tools 对象存在
        if (!params.tools) {
-          params.tools = {}
+          return { tools: {} }
        }

        // 🌐 网络搜索工具配置
@ -371,11 +380,12 @@ export const searchOrchestrationPlugin = (assistant: Assistant, topicId: string)
     * 💾 Step 3: 记忆存储阶段
     */

-    onRequestEnd: async (context: AiRequestContext) => {
+    onRequestEnd: async (context) => {
      // context.isAnalyzing = false
      // logger.info('context.isAnalyzing', context, result)
      // logger.info('💾 Starting memory storage...', context.requestId)
      try {
+        // ✅ 类型安全访问：context.originalParams 已通过泛型正确类型化
        const messages = context.originalParams.messages

        if (messages && assistant) {
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/simulateStreamingPlugin.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/plugins/simulateStreamingPlugin.ts
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
+import { simulateStreamingMiddleware } from 'ai'
+
+/**
+ * Simulate Streaming Plugin
+ * Converts non-streaming responses to streaming format
+ * Uses AI SDK's built-in simulateStreamingMiddleware
+ */
+export const createSimulateStreamingPlugin = () =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'simulateStreaming',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(simulateStreamingMiddleware())
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/middleware/skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware.ts
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { definePlugin } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core'
 import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'

 /**
@ -8,10 +9,10 @@ import type { LanguageModelMiddleware } from 'ai'
 * @param aiSdkId AI SDK Provider ID
 * @returns LanguageModelMiddleware
 */
-export function skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId: string): LanguageModelMiddleware {
+function createSkipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId: string): LanguageModelMiddleware {
  const MAGIC_STRING = 'skip_thought_signature_validator'
  return {
-    middlewareVersion: 'v2',
+    specificationVersion: 'v3',

    transformParams: async ({ params }) => {
      const transformedParams = { ...params }
@ -34,3 +35,14 @@ export function skipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId: string): LanguageM
    }
  }
 }
+
+export const createSkipGeminiThoughtSignaturePlugin = (aiSdkId: string) =>
+  definePlugin({
+    name: 'skipGeminiThoughtSignature',
+    enforce: 'pre',
+
+    configureContext: (context) => {
+      context.middlewares = context.middlewares || []
+      context.middlewares.push(createSkipGeminiThoughtSignatureMiddleware(aiSdkId))
+    }
+  })
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/parameterBuilder.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/parameterBuilder.ts
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ import { getMaxTokens, getTemperature, getTopP } from './modelParameters'

 const logger = loggerService.withContext('parameterBuilder')

-type ProviderDefinedTool = Extract<Tool<any, any>, { type: 'provider-defined' }>
+type ProviderDefinedTool = Extract<Tool<any, any>, { type: 'provider' }>

 function mapVertexAIGatewayModelToProviderId(model: Model): BaseProviderId | undefined {
  if (isAnthropicModel(model)) {
@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ function mapVertexAIGatewayModelToProviderId(model: Model): BaseProviderId | und
  if (isOpenAIModel(model)) {
    return 'openai'
  }
-  logger.warn(
-    `[mapVertexAIGatewayModelToProviderId] Unknown model type for AI Gateway: ${model.id}. Web search will not be enabled.`
-  )
+  logger.warn(`Unknown model type for AI Gateway: ${model.id}. Web search will not be enabled.`)
  return undefined
 }

--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/types/middlewareConfig.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/types/middlewareConfig.ts
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import type { WebSearchPluginConfig } from '@cherrystudio/ai-core/built-in/plugins'
+import type { MCPTool } from '@renderer/types'
+import type { Assistant, Message, Model, Provider } from '@renderer/types'
+import type { Chunk } from '@renderer/types/chunk'
+
+/**
+ * AI SDK 中间件配置项（用于插件构建）
+ */
+export interface AiSdkMiddlewareConfig {
+  streamOutput: boolean
+  onChunk?: (chunk: Chunk) => void
+  model?: Model
+  provider?: Provider
+  assistant?: Assistant
+  enableReasoning: boolean
+  isPromptToolUse: boolean
+  isSupportedToolUse: boolean
+  isImageGenerationEndpoint: boolean
+  enableWebSearch: boolean
+  enableGenerateImage: boolean
+  enableUrlContext: boolean
+  mcpTools?: MCPTool[]
+  uiMessages?: Message[]
+  webSearchPluginConfig?: WebSearchPluginConfig
+  knowledgeRecognition?: 'off' | 'on'
+}
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts
@ -726,3 +726,21 @@ export function getCustomParameters(assistant: Assistant): Record<string, any> {
    }, {}) || {}
  )
 }
+
+/**
+ * Get reasoning tag name based on model ID
+ * Used for extractReasoningMiddleware configuration
+ */
+export function getReasoningTagName(modelId: string | undefined): string {
+  const tagName = {
+    reasoning: 'reasoning',
+    think: 'think',
+    thought: 'thought',
+    seedThink: 'seed:think'
+  }
+
+  if (modelId?.includes('gpt-oss')) return tagName.reasoning
+  if (modelId?.includes('gemini')) return tagName.thought
+  if (modelId?.includes('seed-oss-36b')) return tagName.seedThink
+  return tagName.think
+}
--- a/src/renderer/src/services/ApiService.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/services/ApiService.ts
@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 * 职责：提供原子化的、无状态的API调用函数
 */
 import { loggerService } from '@logger'
-import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from '@renderer/aiCore/middleware/AiSdkMiddlewareBuilder'
 import { buildStreamTextParams } from '@renderer/aiCore/prepareParams'
+import type { AiSdkMiddlewareConfig } from '@renderer/aiCore/types/middlewareConfig'
 import { isDedicatedImageGenerationModel, isEmbeddingModel, isFunctionCallingModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
 import { getStoreSetting } from '@renderer/hooks/useSettings'
 import i18n from '@renderer/i18n'
--- a/src/renderer/src/types/aiCoreTypes.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/types/aiCoreTypes.ts
@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 import type OpenAI from '@cherrystudio/openai'
 import type { NotUndefined } from '@types'
-import type { ImageModel, LanguageModel } from 'ai'
-import type { generateObject, generateText, ModelMessage, streamObject, streamText } from 'ai'
+import type { generateText, ModelMessage, streamText } from 'ai'
 import * as z from 'zod'

+/**
+ * 渲染器侧参数类型（不包含 model 和 messages，因为它们会单独处理）
+ * 注意：这与 @cherrystudio/ai-core 导出的完整参数类型不同
+ * - @cherrystudio/ai-core 的 StreamTextParams: 完整的 AI SDK 参数（用于插件系统）
+ * - 此处的 StreamTextParams: 去除 model/messages 的参数（用于渲染器参数构建）
+ */
 export type StreamTextParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof streamText>[0], 'model' | 'messages'> &
  (
    | {
@ -15,6 +20,11 @@ export type StreamTextParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof streamText>[0], 'model' |
        prompt?: never
      }
  )
+
+/**
+ * 渲染器侧参数类型（不包含 model 和 messages）
+ * 注意：这与 @cherrystudio/ai-core 导出的完整参数类型不同
+ */
 export type GenerateTextParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof generateText>[0], 'model' | 'messages'> &
  (
    | {
@ -26,10 +36,6 @@ export type GenerateTextParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof generateText>[0], 'model
        prompt?: never
      }
  )
-export type StreamObjectParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof streamObject>[0], 'model'>
-export type GenerateObjectParams = Omit<Parameters<typeof generateObject>[0], 'model'>
-
-export type AiSdkModel = LanguageModel | ImageModel

 /**
 * Constrains the verbosity of the model's response. Lower values will result in more concise responses, while higher values will result in more verbose responses.
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@ -205,6 +205,18 @@ __metadata:
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

+"@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:1.0.28":
+  version: 1.0.28
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:1.0.28"
+  dependencies:
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.0"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.18"
+  peerDependencies:
+    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
+  checksum: 10c0/f484774e0094a12674f392d925038a296191723b4c76bd833eabf1b334cf3c84fe77a2e2c5fbac974ec5e18340e113c6a81c86d957c9529a7a60e87cd390ada8
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:2.0.0, @ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:^2.0.0":
  version: 2.0.0
  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:2.0.0"
@ -217,15 +229,15 @@ __metadata:
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

-"@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:^1.0.19":
-  version: 1.0.27
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm:1.0.27"
+"@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@patch:@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm%3A1.0.28#~/.yarn/patches/@ai-sdk-openai-compatible-npm-1.0.28-5705188855.patch":
+  version: 1.0.28
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@patch:@ai-sdk/openai-compatible@npm%3A1.0.28#~/.yarn/patches/@ai-sdk-openai-compatible-npm-1.0.28-5705188855.patch::version=1.0.28&hash=f2cb20"
  dependencies:
    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.0"
-    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.17"
+    "@ai-sdk/provider-utils": "npm:3.0.18"
  peerDependencies:
    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
-  checksum: 10c0/9f656e4f2ea4d714dc05be588baafd962b2e0360e9195fef373e745efeb20172698ea87e1033c0c5e1f1aa6e0db76a32629427bc8433eb42bd1a0ee00e04af0c
+  checksum: 10c0/0b1d99fe8ce506e5c0a3703ae0511ac2017781584074d41faa2df82923c64eb1229ffe9f036de150d0248923613c761a463fe89d5923493983e0463a1101e792
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

@ -277,16 +289,16 @@ __metadata:
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

-"@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.17, @ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:^3.0.10, @ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:^3.0.17":
-  version: 3.0.17
-  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.17"
+"@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.18":
+  version: 3.0.18
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.18"
  dependencies:
    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.0"
    "@standard-schema/spec": "npm:^1.0.0"
    eventsource-parser: "npm:^3.0.6"
  peerDependencies:
    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
-  checksum: 10c0/1bae6dc4cacd0305b6aa152f9589bbd61c29f150155482c285a77f83d7ed416d52bc2aa7fdaba2e5764530392d9e8f799baea34a63dce6c72ecd3de364dc62d1
+  checksum: 10c0/209c15b0dceef0ba95a7d3de544be0a417ad4a0bd5143496b3966a35fedf144156d93a42ff8c3d7db56781b9836bafc8c132c98978c49240e55bc1a36e18a67f
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

@ -316,6 +328,19 @@ __metadata:
  languageName: node
  linkType: hard

+"@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:^3.0.10, @ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:^3.0.17":
+  version: 3.0.17
+  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider-utils@npm:3.0.17"
+  dependencies:
+    "@ai-sdk/provider": "npm:2.0.0"
+    "@standard-schema/spec": "npm:^1.0.0"
+    eventsource-parser: "npm:^3.0.6"
+  peerDependencies:
+    zod: ^3.25.76 || ^4.1.8
+  checksum: 10c0/1bae6dc4cacd0305b6aa152f9589bbd61c29f150155482c285a77f83d7ed416d52bc2aa7fdaba2e5764530392d9e8f799baea34a63dce6c72ecd3de364dc62d1
+  languageName: node
+  linkType: hard
+
 "@ai-sdk/provider@npm:2.0.0, @ai-sdk/provider@npm:^2.0.0":
  version: 2.0.0
  resolution: "@ai-sdk/provider@npm:2.0.0"