# Reasoning Outputs

vLLM offers support for reasoning models like [DeepSeek R1](https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1), which are designed to generate outputs containing both reasoning steps and final conclusions.

Reasoning models return an additional `reasoning` field in their outputs, which contains the reasoning steps that led to the final conclusion. This field is not present in the outputs of other models.

!!! warning
    `reasoning` used to be called `reasoning_content`. To migrate, directly replace `reasoning_content` with `reasoning`.

## Supported Models

vLLM currently supports the following reasoning models:

| Model Series | Parser Name | Structured Output Support | Tool Calling |
| ------------ | ----------- | ---------------- | ----------- |
| [Cohere Command A Reasoning](https://huggingface.co/CohereLabs/command-a-reasoning-08-2025) | `cohere_command3` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [DeepSeek R1 series](https://huggingface.co/collections/deepseek-ai/deepseek-r1-678e1e131c0169c0bc89728d) | `deepseek_r1` | `json`, `regex` | ❌ |
| [Gemma 4 series](https://huggingface.co/google/gemma-4-26B-A4B-it) | `gemma4` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [DeepSeek-V3.1](https://huggingface.co/collections/deepseek-ai/deepseek-v31-68a491bed32bd77e7fca048f) | `deepseek_v3` | `json`, `regex` | ❌ |
| [ERNIE-4.5-VL series](https://huggingface.co/baidu/ERNIE-4.5-VL-28B-A3B-PT) | `ernie45` | `json`, `regex` | ❌ |
| [ERNIE-4.5-21B-A3B-Thinking](https://huggingface.co/baidu/ERNIE-4.5-21B-A3B-Thinking) | `ernie45` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [GLM-4.5 series](https://huggingface.co/collections/zai-org/glm-45-687c621d34bda8c9e4bf503b) | `glm45` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [Holo2 series](https://huggingface.co/collections/Hcompany/holo2) | `holo2` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [Hunyuan A13B series](https://huggingface.co/collections/tencent/hunyuan-a13b-685ec38e5b46321e3ea7c4be) | `hunyuan_a13b` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [IBM Granite 3.2 language models](https://huggingface.co/collections/ibm-granite/granite-32-language-models-67b3bc8c13508f6d064cff9a) | `granite` | ❌ | ❌ |
| [MiniMax-M2](https://huggingface.co/MiniMaxAI/MiniMax-M2) | `minimax_m2_append_think` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [Qwen3 series](https://huggingface.co/collections/Qwen/qwen3-67dd247413f0e2e4f653967f) | `qwen3` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |
| [QwQ-32B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/QwQ-32B) | `deepseek_r1` | `json`, `regex` | ✅ |

!!! note
    IBM Granite 3.2 and DeepSeek-V3.1 reasoning is disabled by default; to enable it, you must also pass `thinking=True` in your `chat_template_kwargs`.
    The reasoning feature for the Qwen3 series is enabled by default. To disable it, you must pass `enable_thinking=False` in your `chat_template_kwargs`.
    Gemma 4 reasoning is disabled by default; to enable it, pass `enable_thinking=True` in your `chat_template_kwargs` or set `reasoning_effort` (which enables it automatically).
    DeepSeek-V3.1 tool calling is supported in non-thinking mode.
    Holo2 reasoning is enabled by default. To disable it, you must also pass `thinking=False` in your `chat_template_kwargs`.

## Quickstart

To use reasoning models, you need to specify the `--reasoning-parser` flags when making a request to the chat completion endpoint. The `--reasoning-parser` flag specifies the reasoning parser to use for extracting reasoning content from the model output.

```bash
vllm serve deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B \
    --reasoning-parser deepseek_r1
```

Next, make a request to the model that should return the reasoning content in the response.

??? code

    ```python
    from openai import OpenAI

    # Modify OpenAI's API key and API base to use vLLM's API server.
    openai_api_key = "EMPTY"
    openai_api_base = "http://localhost:8000/v1"

    client = OpenAI(
        api_key=openai_api_key,
        base_url=openai_api_base,
    )

    models = client.models.list()
    model = models.data[0].id

    # Round 1
    messages = [{"role": "user", "content": "9.11 and 9.8, which is greater?"}]
    # For granite, add: `extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"thinking": True}}`
    # For Qwen3 series, if you want to disable thinking in reasoning mode, add:
    # extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": False}}
    response = client.chat.completions.create(model=model, messages=messages)

    reasoning = response.choices[0].message.reasoning
    content = response.choices[0].message.content

    print("reasoning:", reasoning)
    print("content:", content)
    ```

The `reasoning` field contains the reasoning steps that led to the final conclusion, while the `content` field contains the final conclusion.

## Streaming chat completions

Streaming chat completions are also supported for reasoning models. The `reasoning` field is available in the `delta` field in [chat completion response chunks](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming).

??? console "Json"

    ```json
    {
        "id": "chatcmpl-123",
        "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
        "created": 1694268190,
        "model": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B",
        "system_fingerprint": "fp_44709d6fcb",
        "choices": [
            {
                "index": 0,
                "delta": {
                    "role": "assistant",
                    "reasoning": "is",
                },
                "logprobs": null,
                "finish_reason": null
            }
        ]
    }
    ```

OpenAI Python client library does not officially support `reasoning` attribute for streaming output. But the client supports extra attributes in the response. You can use `hasattr` to check if the `reasoning` attribute is present in the response. For example:

??? code

    ```python
    from openai import OpenAI

    # Modify OpenAI's API key and API base to use vLLM's API server.
    openai_api_key = "EMPTY"
    openai_api_base = "http://localhost:8000/v1"

    client = OpenAI(
        api_key=openai_api_key,
        base_url=openai_api_base,
    )

    models = client.models.list()
    model = models.data[0].id

    messages = [{"role": "user", "content": "9.11 and 9.8, which is greater?"}]
    # For granite, add: `extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"thinking": True}}`
    # For Qwen3 series, if you want to disable thinking in reasoning mode, add:
    # extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": False}}
    stream = client.chat.completions.create(
        model=model,
        messages=messages,
        stream=True,
    )

    print("client: Start streaming chat completions...")
    printed_reasoning = False
    printed_content = False

    for chunk in stream:
        # Safely extract reasoning and content from delta,
        # defaulting to None if attributes don't exist or are empty strings
        reasoning = (
            getattr(chunk.choices[0].delta, "reasoning", None) or None
        )
        content = getattr(chunk.choices[0].delta, "content", None) or None

        if reasoning is not None:
            if not printed_reasoning:
                printed_reasoning = True
                print("reasoning:", end="", flush=True)
            print(reasoning, end="", flush=True)
        elif content is not None:
            if not printed_content:
                printed_content = True
                print("\ncontent:", end="", flush=True)
            # Extract and print the content
            print(content, end="", flush=True)
    ```

Remember to check whether the `reasoning` exists in the response before accessing it. You could check out the [example](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/blob/main/examples/reasoning/openai_chat_completion_with_reasoning_streaming.py).

## Tool Calling

The reasoning content is also available when both tool calling and the reasoning parser are enabled. Additionally, tool calling only parses functions from the `content` field, not from the `reasoning`.

??? code

    ```python
    from openai import OpenAI

    client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="dummy")

    tools = [
        {
            "type": "function",
            "function": {
                "name": "get_weather",
                "description": "Get the current weather in a given location",
                "parameters": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "location": {"type": "string", "description": "City and state, e.g., 'San Francisco, CA'"},
                        "unit": {"type": "string", "enum": ["celsius", "fahrenheit"]},
                    },
                    "required": ["location", "unit"],
                }
            },
        }
    ]

    response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model=client.models.list().data[0].id,
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "What's the weather like in San Francisco?"}],
        tools=tools,
        tool_choice="auto",
    )

    print(response)
    tool_call = response.choices[0].message.tool_calls[0].function

    print(f"reasoning: {response.choices[0].message.reasoning}")
    print(f"Function called: {tool_call.name}")
    print(f"Arguments: {tool_call.arguments}")
    ```

For more examples, please refer to [examples/reasoning/openai_chat_completion_tool_calls_with_reasoning.py](../../examples/reasoning/openai_chat_completion_tool_calls_with_reasoning.py).

## Server-Level Default Chat Template Kwargs

You can set default `chat_template_kwargs` at the server level using the `--default-chat-template-kwargs` CLI argument. This is useful for configuring reasoning behavior across all requests without requiring clients to specify it in each request.

### Disabling Thinking Mode by Default

For models like Qwen3 where thinking is enabled by default, you can disable it server-wide:

```bash
vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-8B \
    --reasoning-parser qwen3 \
    --default-chat-template-kwargs '{"enable_thinking": false}'
```

### Enabling Thinking Mode by Default

For models like IBM Granite 3.2 or DeepSeek-V3.1 where thinking is disabled by default, you can enable it server-wide:

```bash
vllm serve ibm-granite/granite-3.2-2b-instruct \
    --reasoning-parser granite \
    --default-chat-template-kwargs '{"thinking": true}'
```

### Request-Level Override

Request-level `chat_template_kwargs` always take priority over server defaults. For example, if the server is started with `enable_thinking=false`, a client can still enable it for a specific request:

```python
response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model=model,
    messages=messages,
    extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": True}}  # Overrides server default
)
```

## Thinking Budget Control

Some models, such as [Qwen3](https://qwen.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started/quickstart.html#thinking-budget), [DeepSeek](https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/en/model-studio/deep-thinking), and [Nemotron3](https://huggingface.co/nvidia/NVIDIA-Nemotron-3-Nano-30B-A3B-BF16), support a thinking budget that limits the maximum number of tokens used for reasoning.

Token counting starts from `reasoning_start_str`. Once the reasoning token count reaches the configured `thinking_token_budget`, vLLM forces the model to produce `reasoning_end_str`, effectively terminating the reasoning block.

To use this feature:

- `--reasoning-parser` enables reasoning extraction.
- `--reasoning-config` defines the reasoning boundary tokens (e.g., `reasoning_start_str`, `reasoning_end_str`). If not set, vLLM will attempt to automatically initialize these tokens from the reasoning parser.
- `thinking_token_budget` (a sampling parameter) sets the per-request reasoning token limit.

If `thinking_token_budget` is not specified, no explicit reasoning limit is applied beyond normal generation constraints such as `max_tokens`.

`--reasoning-config` accepts a JSON object corresponding to  
[ReasoningConfig][vllm.config.ReasoningConfig] with the following fields:

| Field                 | Type           | Description                                      |
|-----------------------|----------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| `reasoning_start_str` | `str \| null`  | String that marks the start of reasoning content |
| `reasoning_end_str`   | `str \| null`  | String that marks the end of reasoning content   |

!!! note
    `reasoning_end_str` can include a transition phrase before the reasoning end token. For example, setting `reasoning_end_str` to `"I have to give the solution based on the reasoning directly now.</think>"` instructs the model to emit that phrase when the budget is exhausted, making the reasoning termination more natural.

### Online Serving

```bash
vllm serve Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B \
    --reasoning-parser qwen3 \
    --reasoning-config '{"reasoning_start_str": "<think>", "reasoning_end_str": "I have to give the solution based on the reasoning directly now.</think>"}'
```

Then make a request with `thinking_token_budget` to limit the reasoning tokens:

```bash
curl http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model": "Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
    "messages": [
      { "role": "user", "content": "9.11 and 9.8, which is greater?" }
    ],
    "thinking_token_budget": 10
  }'
```

### Offline Inference

```python
from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams
from vllm.config import ReasoningConfig

llm = LLM(
    model="Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B",
    reasoning_config=ReasoningConfig(
        reasoning_start_str="<think>",
        reasoning_end_str="I have to give the solution based on the thinking directly now.</think>",
    ),
)

sampling_params = SamplingParams(thinking_token_budget=10)

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "9.11 and 9.8, which is greater?"},
]

outputs = llm.chat(messages, sampling_params=sampling_params)

for output in outputs:
    print("text:", output.outputs[0].text)
```

## Automatic `enable_thinking` Activation

Some models (such as Gemma 4, DeepSeek-V4-Pro and IBM Granite 3.2) require `enable_thinking: true` in their chat template kwargs to activate thinking mode — without it, reasoning tokens are never generated regardless of other settings.

When you set `reasoning_effort` in a Chat Completions request (or `reasoning.effort` in a Responses API request), vLLM automatically injects `enable_thinking` into the chat template kwargs:

- `reasoning_effort` = `"low"`, `"medium"`, or `"high"` → `enable_thinking = true`
- `reasoning_effort` = `"none"` → `enable_thinking = false`
- `reasoning_effort` not set → `enable_thinking` is not injected (preserves existing behavior)

This means you no longer need to manually pass `chat_template_kwargs: {"enable_thinking": true}` when using `reasoning_effort` — it is handled automatically.

!!! note
    If you explicitly set `enable_thinking` in `chat_template_kwargs`, your value takes priority over the automatic injection. This allows you to override the behavior if needed.

    For models whose templates don't declare `enable_thinking` (e.g., DeepSeek R1), the injected kwarg is harmlessly filtered out by `resolve_chat_template_kwargs`.

### Example

```python
from openai import OpenAI

client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="dummy")

# reasoning_effort automatically enables thinking for models that need it
response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="google/gemma-4-26B-A4B-it",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "What is 15 * 37?"}],
    reasoning_effort="high",  # Automatically sets enable_thinking=true
)

print(response.choices[0].message.reasoning)
print(response.choices[0].message.content)
```

## Limitations

- The reasoning content is only available for online serving's chat completion endpoint (`/v1/chat/completions`), Anthropic Messages API (`/v1/messages`) and the Responses API (`/v1/responses`).

## How to support a new reasoning model

You can add a new `ReasoningParser` similar to [vllm/reasoning/deepseek_r1_reasoning_parser.py](../../vllm/reasoning/deepseek_r1_reasoning_parser.py).

??? code

    ```python
    # import the required packages

    from vllm.reasoning import ReasoningParser, ReasoningParserManager
    from vllm.entrypoints.openai.chat_completion.protocol import ChatCompletionRequest
    from vllm.entrypoints.openai.engine.protocol import DeltaMessage

    # define a reasoning parser and register it to vllm
    # the name list in register_module can be used
    # in --reasoning-parser.
    class ExampleParser(ReasoningParser):
        def __init__(self, tokenizer: TokenizerLike):
            super().__init__(tokenizer)

        def extract_reasoning_streaming(
            self,
            previous_text: str,
            current_text: str,
            delta_text: str,
            previous_token_ids: Sequence[int],
            current_token_ids: Sequence[int],
            delta_token_ids: Sequence[int],
        ) -> DeltaMessage | None:
            """
            Instance method that should be implemented for extracting reasoning
            from an incomplete response; for use when handling reasoning calls and
            streaming. Has to be an instance method because  it requires state -
            the current tokens/diffs, but also the information about what has
            previously been parsed and extracted (see constructor)
            """

        def extract_reasoning(
            self,
            model_output: str,
            request: ChatCompletionRequest | ResponsesRequest,
        ) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
            """
            Extract reasoning content from a complete model-generated string.

            Used for non-streaming responses where we have the entire model response
            available before sending to the client.

            Parameters:
            model_output: str
                The model-generated string to extract reasoning content from.

            request: ChatCompletionRequest
                The request object that was used to generate the model_output.

            Returns:
            tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]
                A tuple containing the reasoning content and the content.
            """
    # Register the reasoning parser
    ReasoningParserManager.register_lazy_module(
        name="example",
        module_path="vllm.reasoning.example_reasoning_parser",
        class_name="ExampleParser",
    )
    ```

Additionally, to enable structured output, you'll need to create a new `Reasoner` similar to the one in [vllm/reasoning/deepseek_r1_reasoning_parser.py](../../vllm/reasoning/deepseek_r1_reasoning_parser.py).

??? code

    ```python
    @dataclass
    class DeepSeekReasoner(Reasoner):
        """
        Reasoner for DeepSeek R series models.
        """
        start_token_id: int
        end_token_id: int

        start_token: str = "<think>"
        end_token: str = "</think>"

        @classmethod
        def from_tokenizer(cls, tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer) -> Reasoner:
            return cls(
                start_token_id=tokenizer.encode("<think>", add_special_tokens=False)[0],
                end_token_id=tokenizer.encode("</think>", add_special_tokens=False)[0],
            )

        def is_reasoning_end(self, input_ids: list[int]) -> bool:
            return self.end_token_id in input_ids

        def is_reasoning_end_streaming(self, input_ids: list[int], delta_ids: list[int]) -> bool:
            return self.end_token_id in delta_token_ids
        ...
    ```

The structured output engine like [xgrammar](https://github.com/mlc-ai/xgrammar) will use `end_token_id` to check if the reasoning content is present in the model output and skip the structured output if it is the case.

Finally, you can enable reasoning for the model by using the `--reasoning-parser` flags.

```bash
vllm serve <model_tag> --reasoning-parser example
```
