[nexus] implement test 1.2.LP.5.2.1 for Enhanced Frame Pending (#12632)

This commit implements and verifies Nexus test case 1.2.LP.5.2.1, which
validates that the Leader (DUT) correctly manages the Frame Pending bit
in acknowledgments to MAC Data and Data Request frames for Thread V1.2
and V1.1 sleepy end devices.

Key changes:
- Created tests/nexus/test_1_2_LP_5_2_1.cpp to simulate the test
  topology (Leader, Router_1, SED_1, SED_2, SED_3) and execution steps.
- Implemented tests/nexus/verify_1_2_LP_5_2_1.py to perform automated
  packet verification of the test criteria.
- Integrated the new test into CMakeLists.txt and run_nexus_tests.sh.
- Used AllowList to specify links between nodes as per the test spec.
- Set log level to note and used direct method calls in C++.
- Verified that the DUT sets the Frame Pending bit correctly in ACKs
  based on whether indirect messages are queued for the SEDs.
This commit is contained in:
Jonathan Hui
2026-03-05 20:12:48 -06:00
committed by GitHub
parent 9b887f6bd1
commit 553931bd31
4 changed files with 534 additions and 0 deletions
+1
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@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ ot_nexus_test(1_1_9_2_16 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_1_9_2_17 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_1_9_2_18 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_1_9_2_19 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_2_LP_5_2_1 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_2_LP_5_3_1 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_2_LP_5_3_2 "cert;nexus")
ot_nexus_test(1_2_LP_5_3_3 "cert;nexus")
+1
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@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ DEFAULT_TESTS=(
"1_1_9_2_17"
"1_1_9_2_18"
"1_1_9_2_19"
"1_2_LP_5_2_1"
"1_2_LP_5_3_1"
"1_2_LP_5_3_2"
"1_2_LP_5_3_3"
+306
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@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
/*
* Copyright (c) 2026, The OpenThread Authors.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the
* names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "platform/nexus_core.hpp"
#include "platform/nexus_node.hpp"
#include "mac/data_poll_sender.hpp"
#include "thread/child_table.hpp"
#include "thread/mesh_forwarder.hpp"
namespace ot {
namespace Nexus {
/**
* Time to advance for a node to form a network and become leader.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kFormNetworkTime = 13 * 1000;
/**
* Time to advance for a node to join as a child.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kAttachToChildTime = 10 * 1000;
/**
* Time to advance for a node to join as a router.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kAttachToRouterTime = 200 * 1000;
/**
* ICMPv6 Echo Request payload size.
*/
static constexpr uint16_t kEchoPayloadSize = 10;
/**
* ICMPv6 Echo Request identifier.
*/
static constexpr uint16_t kEchoIdentifier = 0x1234;
/**
* Data poll period in milliseconds.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kPollPeriod = 1000;
/**
* Very long data poll period in milliseconds (effectively disabling periodic polling).
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kLongPollPeriod = 3600 * 1000;
/**
* Short wait time to advance nexus time, in milliseconds.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kShortWaitTime = 100;
/**
* Wait time for ICMPv6 Echo Reply, in milliseconds.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kEchoReplyWaitTime = 500;
/**
* Wait time to ensure a data poll has occurred, in milliseconds.
*/
static constexpr uint32_t kPollWaitTime = 2000;
void Test1_2_LP_5_2_1(void)
{
/**
* 5.2.1 Enhanced Frame Pending with Thread V1.2 End Device & V1.1 End Device
*
* 5.2.1.1 Topology
* - SED_1: is Thread 1.1 SED.
* - SED_2: is Thread 1.2 SED with Enhanced Frame Pending (EFP) support; polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests is
* disabled.
* - SED_3: is Thread 1.2 SED with Enhanced Frame Pending (EFP) support; polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests is
* enabled.
* - Router_1: is a Thread Router.
* - DUT: is Thread Leader.
*
* 5.2.1.2 Purpose & Description
* This test case verifies that the DUT correctly manages the Frame Pending bit in acknowledgments to MAC Data and
* Data Request frames for Thread V1.2 and V1.1 sleepy end devices.
*
* Spec Reference | V1.2 Section
* ------------------------|--------------
* Enhanced Frame Pending | 3.2.6.2
*/
Core nexus;
Node &dut = nexus.CreateNode();
Node &router1 = nexus.CreateNode();
Node &sed1 = nexus.CreateNode();
Node &sed2 = nexus.CreateNode();
Node &sed3 = nexus.CreateNode();
dut.SetName("LEADER");
router1.SetName("ROUTER_1");
sed1.SetName("SED_1");
sed2.SetName("SED_2");
sed3.SetName("SED_3");
/**
* - Use AllowList to specify links between nodes. There is a link between the following node pairs:
* - Leader (DUT) and Router 1
* - Leader (DUT) and SED 1
* - Leader (DUT) and SED 2
* - Leader (DUT) and SED 3
*/
dut.AllowList(router1);
router1.AllowList(dut);
dut.AllowList(sed1);
sed1.AllowList(dut);
dut.AllowList(sed2);
sed2.AllowList(dut);
dut.AllowList(sed3);
sed3.AllowList(dut);
nexus.AdvanceTime(0);
Instance::SetLogLevel(kLogLevelNote);
/**
* Step 1: All Devices
* - Topology formation.
*/
Log("Step 1: Topology formation");
dut.Form();
nexus.AdvanceTime(kFormNetworkTime);
router1.Join(dut, Node::kAsFtd);
nexus.AdvanceTime(kAttachToRouterTime);
sed1.Join(dut, Node::kAsSed);
sed2.Join(dut, Node::kAsSed);
sed3.Join(dut, Node::kAsSed);
nexus.AdvanceTime(kAttachToChildTime);
/**
* - Manually set SED_1 version to 1.1 in Leader's child table to strictly follow the test spec.
*/
{
Child *child = dut.Get<ChildTable>().FindChild(sed1.Get<Mac::Mac>().GetExtAddress(), Child::kInStateValid);
VerifyOrQuit(child != nullptr);
child->SetVersion(kThreadVersion1p1);
}
/**
* - SED_1 enable polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests.
* - SED_2 disable polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests.
* - SED_3 enable polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests.
*/
SuccessOrQuit(sed1.Get<DataPollSender>().SetExternalPollPeriod(kPollPeriod));
SuccessOrQuit(sed2.Get<DataPollSender>().SetExternalPollPeriod(kLongPollPeriod));
SuccessOrQuit(sed3.Get<DataPollSender>().SetExternalPollPeriod(kPollPeriod));
/**
* Step 2: SED_2
* - Harness instructs the device to send an empty MAC Data frame to the DUT (Leader).
* - Pass Criteria: DUT MUST send an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0.
*/
Log("Step 2: SED_2 sends empty MAC Data frame to Leader");
SuccessOrQuit(sed2.Get<MeshForwarder>().SendEmptyMessage());
nexus.AdvanceTime(kShortWaitTime);
/**
* Step 3: Router_1
* - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_2.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 3: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_2");
router1.SendEchoRequest(sed2.Get<Mle::Mle>().GetMeshLocalEid(), kEchoIdentifier, kEchoPayloadSize);
nexus.AdvanceTime(kShortWaitTime);
/**
* Step 4: SED_2
* - Harness instructs the device to send an empty MAC Data frame to the DUT (Leader).
* - Pass Criteria: DUT MUST send an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1.
*/
Log("Step 4: SED_2 sends empty MAC Data frame to Leader");
SuccessOrQuit(sed2.Get<MeshForwarder>().SendEmptyMessage());
nexus.AdvanceTime(kShortWaitTime);
/**
* Step 5: SED_2
* - Harness instructs the device to send an 802.15.4 Data Request message to the DUT (Leader).
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 5: SED_2 sends Data Request to Leader");
SuccessOrQuit(sed2.Get<DataPollSender>().SendDataPoll());
nexus.AdvanceTime(kShortWaitTime);
/**
* Step 6: DUT
* - DUT sends an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 6: DUT sends acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1");
// Handled by Step 5 execution and verification.
/**
* Step 7: DUT
* - Forward the ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_2.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 7: DUT forwards Echo Request to SED_2");
// Handled by Step 5 execution and verification.
/**
* Step 8: SED_2
* - Acknowledges the ICMPv6 Echo Request frame.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 8: SED_2 acknowledges Echo Request");
// Handled by Step 5 execution and verification.
/**
* Step 9: SED_2
* - Automatically replies with an ICMPv6 Echo Reply to Router_1.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 9: SED_2 sends Echo Reply to Router_1");
nexus.AdvanceTime(kEchoReplyWaitTime);
/**
* Step 10: DUT
* - DUT MUST send an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0 to SED_2.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 10: DUT sends acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0 to SED_2");
// Handled by Step 9 execution and verification.
/**
* Step 11: Router_1
* - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_3.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 11: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_3");
router1.SendEchoRequest(sed3.Get<Mle::Mle>().GetMeshLocalEid(), kEchoIdentifier, kEchoPayloadSize);
nexus.AdvanceTime(kPollWaitTime); // Wait for poll
/**
* Step 12: SED_3
* - Automatically replies with an ICMPv6 Echo Reply to Router_1.
* - Pass Criteria: Router_1 MUST receive the Echo Reply.
*/
Log("Step 12: SED_3 sends Echo Reply to Router_1");
nexus.AdvanceTime(kPollWaitTime);
/**
* Step 13: Router_1
* - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_1.
* - Pass Criteria: N/A.
*/
Log("Step 13: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_1");
router1.SendEchoRequest(sed1.Get<Mle::Mle>().GetMeshLocalEid(), kEchoIdentifier, kEchoPayloadSize);
nexus.AdvanceTime(kPollWaitTime); // Wait for poll
/**
* Step 14: SED_1
* - Automatically replies with an ICMPv6 Echo Reply to Router_1.
* - Pass Criteria: Router_1 MUST receive the Echo Reply.
*/
Log("Step 14: SED_1 sends Echo Reply to Router_1");
nexus.AdvanceTime(kPollWaitTime);
nexus.SaveTestInfo("test_1_2_LP_5_2_1.json");
}
} // namespace Nexus
} // namespace ot
int main(void)
{
ot::Nexus::Test1_2_LP_5_2_1();
printf("All tests passed\n");
return 0;
}
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright (c) 2026, The OpenThread Authors.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the
# names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
import sys
import os
# Add the current directory to sys.path to find verify_utils
CUR_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
sys.path.append(CUR_DIR)
import verify_utils
from pktverify import consts
def verify(pv):
# 5.2.1 Enhanced Frame Pending with Thread V1.2 End Device & V1.1 End Device
#
# 5.2.1.1 Topology
# - SED_1: is Thread 1.1 SED.
# - SED_2: is Thread 1.2 SED with Enhanced Frame Pending (EFP) support; polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests is
# disabled.
# - SED_3: is Thread 1.2 SED with Enhanced Frame Pending (EFP) support; polling via 802.15.4 MAC Data Requests is
# enabled.
# - Router_1: is a Thread Router.
# - DUT: is Thread Leader.
#
# 5.2.1.2 Purpose & Description
# This test case verifies that the DUT correctly manages the Frame Pending bit in acknowledgments to MAC Data and
# Data Request frames for Thread V1.2 and V1.1 sleepy end devices.
#
# Spec Reference | V1.2 Section
# ------------------------|--------------
# Enhanced Frame Pending | 3.2.6.2
FRAME_PENDING_SET = 1
FRAME_PENDING_CLEAR = 0
pkts = pv.pkts
pv.summary.show()
LEADER = pv.vars['LEADER']
ROUTER_1 = pv.vars['ROUTER_1']
SED_1 = pv.vars['SED_1']
SED_2 = pv.vars['SED_2']
SED_3 = pv.vars['SED_3']
LEADER_RLOC16 = pv.vars['LEADER_RLOC16']
ROUTER_1_RLOC16 = pv.vars['ROUTER_1_RLOC16']
SED_1_RLOC16 = pv.vars['SED_1_RLOC16']
SED_2_RLOC16 = pv.vars['SED_2_RLOC16']
SED_3_RLOC16 = pv.vars['SED_3_RLOC16']
def is_from(p, addr, rloc16):
return p.wpan.src64 == addr or p.wpan.src16 == rloc16
def is_to(p, addr, rloc16):
return p.wpan.dst16 == rloc16 or p.wpan.dst64 == addr
def _verify_ping_echo_for_sed(sed, sed_rloc16):
"""Helper to verify ping echo from ROUTER_1 to a SED."""
_echo_req = pkts.filter_ping_request().\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, ROUTER_1, ROUTER_1_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
pkts.filter_ping_reply(identifier=_echo_req.icmpv6.echo.identifier).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, sed, sed_rloc16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
pkts.filter_ping_reply(identifier=_echo_req.icmpv6.echo.identifier).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, ROUTER_1, ROUTER_1_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 1: All Devices
# - Topology formation.
print("Step 1: Topology formation")
# Step 2: SED_2
# - Harness instructs the device to send an empty MAC Data frame to the DUT (Leader).
# - Pass Criteria: DUT MUST send an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0.
print("Step 2: SED_2 sends empty MAC Data frame to Leader")
_pkt = pkts.filter_wpan_data().\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, SED_2, SED_2_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: 'ipv6' not in p.layer_names).\
must_next()
pkts.filter_wpan_ack().\
filter_wpan_seq(_pkt.wpan.seq_no).\
must_next().\
must_verify(lambda p: p.wpan.pending == FRAME_PENDING_CLEAR)
# Step 3: Router_1
# - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_2.
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 3: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_2")
_echo_req = pkts.filter_ping_request().\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, ROUTER_1, ROUTER_1_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 4: SED_2
# - Harness instructs the device to send an empty MAC Data frame to the DUT (Leader).
# - Pass Criteria: DUT MUST send an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1.
print("Step 4: SED_2 sends empty MAC Data frame to Leader")
_pkt = pkts.filter_wpan_data().\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, SED_2, SED_2_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: 'ipv6' not in p.layer_names).\
must_next()
pkts.filter_wpan_ack().\
filter_wpan_seq(_pkt.wpan.seq_no).\
must_next().\
must_verify(lambda p: p.wpan.pending == FRAME_PENDING_SET)
# Step 5: SED_2
# - Harness instructs the device to send an 802.15.4 Data Request message to the DUT (Leader).
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 5: SED_2 sends Data Request to Leader")
_pkt = pkts.filter_wpan_cmd(consts.WPAN_DATA_REQUEST).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, SED_2, SED_2_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 6: DUT
# - DUT sends an acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1.
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 6: DUT sends acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 1")
pkts.filter_wpan_ack().\
filter_wpan_seq(_pkt.wpan.seq_no).\
must_next().\
must_verify(lambda p: p.wpan.pending == FRAME_PENDING_SET)
# Step 7: DUT
# Step 7: DUT forwards Echo Request to SED_2
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 7: DUT forwards Echo Request to SED_2")
_pkt = pkts.filter_ping_request(identifier=_echo_req.icmpv6.echo.identifier).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, SED_2, SED_2_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 8: SED_2
# - Acknowledges the ICMPv6 Echo Request frame.
# - Pass Criteria: SED_2 MUST send 802.15.4 ACK to the DUT.
print("Step 8: SED_2 acknowledges Echo Request")
pkts.filter_wpan_ack().\
filter_wpan_seq(_pkt.wpan.seq_no).\
must_next()
# Step 9: SED_2
# Step 9: SED_2 sends Echo Reply to Router_1
# - Pass Criteria: Router_1 MUST receive the ICMPv6 Echo Reply.
print("Step 9: SED_2 sends Echo Reply to Router_1")
_reply1 = pkts.filter_ping_reply(identifier=_echo_req.icmpv6.echo.identifier).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, SED_2, SED_2_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 10: DUT sends acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0 to SED_2
# - Pass Criteria: The DUT MUST transmit a 802.15.4 ACK to SED_2 with the Frame Pending bit set to 0.
print("Step 10: DUT sends acknowledgment with Frame Pending bit set to 0 to SED_2")
pkts.filter_wpan_ack().\
filter_wpan_seq(_reply1.wpan.seq_no).\
must_next().\
must_verify(lambda p: p.wpan.pending == FRAME_PENDING_CLEAR)
# Continue Step 9 verification: verify the forwarded Echo Reply to Router_1
pkts.filter_ping_reply(identifier=_echo_req.icmpv6.echo.identifier).\
filter(lambda p: is_from(p, LEADER, LEADER_RLOC16)).\
filter(lambda p: is_to(p, ROUTER_1, ROUTER_1_RLOC16)).\
must_next()
# Step 11: Router_1
# - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_3.
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 11: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_3")
# Step 12: SED_3
# - Automatically replies with an ICMPv6 Echo Reply to Router_1.
# - Pass Criteria: Router_1 MUST receive the Echo Reply.
print("Step 12: SED_3 sends Echo Reply to Router_1")
_verify_ping_echo_for_sed(SED_3, SED_3_RLOC16)
# Step 13: Router_1
# - Harness instructs the device to send an ICMPv6 Echo Request to SED_1.
# - Pass Criteria: N/A.
print("Step 13: Router_1 sends Echo Request to SED_1")
# Step 14: SED_1
# - Automatically replies with an ICMPv6 Echo Reply to Router_1.
# - Pass Criteria: Router_1 MUST receive the Echo Reply.
print("Step 14: SED_1 sends Echo Reply to Router_1")
_verify_ping_echo_for_sed(SED_1, SED_1_RLOC16)
if __name__ == '__main__':
verify_utils.run_main(verify)